Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therio 2 > 8. Feline Therio > Flashcards

8. Feline Therio Flashcards

1
Q

Feline estrous cycle general characteristics
-type
-timing

A

◦ Seasonal, polyestrous, induced ovulator
◦ Induced ovulators = require copulation to initiate the LH surge

◦ Estrus cycles occur at 4-30 day intervals in cats exposed to constant daylight (14 hrs)
◦ Prolonged anestrus > decreasing or short day lengths (autumn)
◦ Season begins Jan-Feb > peak is Feb-March

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when feline pubertal estrus? what influences this?

A

◦ Pubertal estrous = between 4 – 12mnts of age
◦ Influenced by time of year & body condition
◦ Usually when reaches 80% of adult body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrinology underpinning the seasonality of the feline estrous cycle

A

> 14 hours of light (spring)
Hypothalamus releases lots of GnRH
pituitary gland releases gonadotropins
gonads release steroid hormones
steroid hormones act on hypothalamus causing release of even more GnRH
=> Positive feedback loop

<12 hours of sunlight (autumn)
pineal gland releases melatonin
>causes hypothalamus to release less GnRH
>pituitary gland releases less gonadotropins
>gonads release fewer steroid hormones
>less feedback to hypothalamus, releases less GnRH
=> Negative feedback loop

-melatonin decreases GnRH output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

based on the mechism behind feline seasonal breeding, what could melatonin be used for?

A

could be used to stop intact queens from cycling!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

feline estrous cycle phases

A

proestrus, estrus, interestrus interval, diestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is proestrus observable in most queens?

A

no, most enter estrus directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do males behave towards females during proestrus? how do females behave?

A

males are attracted but females non-responsive
◦ Continuous rubbing of head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how long does feline proestrus last?

A

◦ Short lived - if it occurs at all (0.5-2 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hormone increased in feline proestrus

A

estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

characteristics of feline estrus:
behaviour
hormone profile

A

◦ Behavioral stage of receptivity to mating

◦ Occurs during peak follicular activity & estradiol concentrations
◦ Behavioral estrus
◦ Crouching in the front with hind end elevated = lordosis
◦ Threading with hind legs, deviation of the tail = vulva exposed for mating
◦ Vocalize, more head rubbing, affectionate behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how can we detect feline estrus?

A

◦ Estrus behavior
◦ Vulvar labia will only slightly increase in size compared to the bitch
◦ Mucoid discharge can be seen – won’t see bloody vaginal discharge
◦ Vaginal cytology > see cornification as in the bitch
> Not useful to tell you when to breed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

feline mating behaviour? how long does mating last?

A

◦ Nose to nose
◦ Investigate perineal area – Flehmen
◦ Grab neck – very important
◦ Mount
◦ Threading – slides down the female

◦ Pelvic thrusting > intromission > ejaculation > 20 seconds
◦ Pulls away quickly > avoid being struck by female

◦ Queen licks vulva, rubs on the floor, vocalizes = “after reaction”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

duration of feline estrus

A

Duration of estrus ◦ Variable
◦ Average: 5.8 days (Range: 2-19 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes LH surge in feline?

A

copulation causes the LH surge
>NOT ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does feline LH surge require for induction? what does magnitude depend on?

A

◦ Induced by copulation but requires hypothalamic/pituitary exposure to estrogen
> Needs to be in heat

◦ Magnitude of LH surge increases with number of copulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how soon after LH surge/coitus will ovulation occur in the feline?

A

◦ Induction of ovulation occurs 29-40hrs after LH surge
>ovulation occurs 24-48hrs post coitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when does diestrus occur in the queen?

A

◦ Follows estrus in the queen that has ovulated (induced or spontaneous ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what hormone rises in diestrus? when, relative to ovulation?

A

◦ Progesterone dominated > CLs
◦ Progesterone starts to rise from baseline within 24 hrs post-ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how long does diestrus last in the queen?

A

◦ Lasts approx. 40 days in pseudopregnant queen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is pseudopregnancy visible in queens?

A

pseudopregnancy is often not visible externally in comparison to bitches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does diestrus end in the queen? do they return to estrus?

A

◦ Ends with luteolysis (mechanism unknown in the cat)
◦ Return to estrus is variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the feline interestrus interval?
hormonal and behavioural characteristics
length

A

◦ Period that follows one estrus and precedes the next in queens that have not been induced to ovulate
◦ Estradiol drops
◦ No sexual behavior or receptivity is present
◦ Length is variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

optimal breeding age for queen

A

◦ Between 1.5-7 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is blood typing important for breeding cats?

A

◦ Important for prevention of neonatal isoerythrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

purebred cats are more liekly to have what blood type?

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

should the female go to the male cat or vice versa for breeding? then, when should we breed?

A

Bring the female into the tom’s territory

◦ Ideally don’t breed day 1 of estrus
◦ Then starting on day 2, breed 3-4x daily until end of estrus, if possible (at least over 2 day period)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

important hormone for feline pregnancy maintenance

A

progesterone, via CLs

28
Q

length of feline gestation

A

◦ 63-66 days, on average, from rise in P4
◦ 56-69 days from mating

29
Q

when does feline prolactin increase?

A

Unlike in dogs – our prolactin only increases if pregnant – during the last 3rd of pregnancy and during lactation

30
Q

character of the feline placenta

A

◦ Endotheliochorial, zonary
◦ No obvious marginal hematomas

31
Q

do feline follicular waves stop during pregnancy? Consequences of this?

A

Cats can continue to have follicular waves during pregnancy
◦ Can display estrus behavior during pregnancy
◦ Superfetation is possible

32
Q

hormone changes upon queening? Temp changes?

A

Progesterone drops, but doesn’t necessarily have to
>the drop isn’t a prerequisite for onset of parturition
◦ Don’t see a temperature drop like in bitches

33
Q

stages of feline parturition and signs

A

Stages very similar to dogs

Stage 1: cervical dilation/uterine contractions
◦ Restlessness is the most common sign

Stage 2: passage of fetuses
◦ Kitten should be delivered within 15 mins once noted at vulvar lips
◦ Can take a very long time (interruptions by 10-12 hours are possible)

Stage 3: passage of fetal membranes

34
Q

stages of feline parturition and signs

A

Stages very similar to dogs

Stage 1: cervical dilation/uterine contractions
◦ Restlessness is the most common sign

Stage 2: passage of fetuses
◦ Kitten should be delivered within 15 mins once noted at vulvar lips
◦ Can take a very long time (interruptions by 10-12 hours are possible)
=> Should still ensure all is normal if there’s an interruption of more than 3-4hrs

Stage 3: passage of fetal membranes

35
Q

is dystocia common for queens? causes? what cats are at increased risk?

A

no
causes similar to dogs

Purebred cats at increased risk
◦ Dolicocephalic and brachycephalic breeds > obstructive dystocia

36
Q

main cause of dystocia in queens

A

uterine torsion

37
Q

how do we treat dystocia in queens? when should we consider a c section? considerations?

A

Medical management
>oxytocin & calcium gluconate
◦ Cannot do manipulations: too small
◦ Same “rules” apply as in dogs (no obstructive dystocias, FHRs, etc.)
◦ “Quiet” place, left alone

No response to 2 oxytocin treatments = C section

◦ Pre-medicate queen at last minute
>kittens hard to resuscitate

38
Q

if performing a feline c section when should we premedicate queens and why?

A

◦ Pre-medicate queen at last minute; kittens hard to resuscitate

39
Q

when will queens return to cycling post partum? what is the character of these cycles?

A

Within 2 weeks post-partum, begin cycling again

Anovulatory cycles; at least @ start of lactation
>become ovulatory as lactation decreases

40
Q

post partum conditions to be mindful of in queens

A

Very similar conditions to bitches

Retained fetal membranes > metritis
◦ Usually queen is good at cleaning–don’t see much in terms of discharge
◦ If note discharge >7 days post-partum, investigate

◦ Mastitis

◦ Hypocalcemia

Agalactia
◦ Sometimes can’t express milk – kittens are still gaining weight & healthy– not truly agalactia

◦ Uterine prolapse; more common in cats

◦ SIPS

◦ Poor mothering

41
Q

Specific disorders common in cats

A

◦ Benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia
◦ Mammary neoplasia
◦ Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)/pyometra complex
◦ Ovarian cysts
◦ Ovarian remnant syndrome

42
Q

CASE:
7 month old female Sphinx
Was in heat 3 weeks ago
5 days after her heat, this started
Is doing well at home, eating/drinking, acting normal
What could this be?

A

Benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia

43
Q

hormone profile of Benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia? when does it occur?

A

Progesterone dependent condition
◦ Occurs following ovulation (pregnant or not)
Common in young cats (13 weeks- 2 years)

44
Q

clinical signs of benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia in queens

A

See asymmetrical, firm, rapidly growing mammary tissue
◦ Can become bruised & ulcerated as they enlarge

Histologically, there is no evidence of inflammation other than at the level of the surface epithelium

45
Q

diagnosis of benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia

A

◦ Signalment
◦ Clinical signs
◦ Progesterone assay
◦ Biopsy in older cats to rule out neoplasia

46
Q

treatment of benign mammary hypertrophy/hyperplasia

A

◦ Removal of progesterone source
◦ OHE, aglepristone, luteolysis or abortion(spontaneous)

47
Q

how common is mammary neoplasia in cats relative to other types? what increases risk?

A

3rd most common tumor in cats
◦ Still overall rarely seen

Intact = 7x greater chance of developing mammary neoplasia

48
Q

main concern regarding mammary neoplasia in cats

A

High rates of metastasis
◦ Malignant adenocarcinoma
> Occurs in 50-90% of cases

49
Q

clinical signs of mammary neoplasia in cats:

A

◦ Older cats
◦ 1 or more masses (can have L and R mammary chain involvement)
◦ Are firm, can be well or poorly demarcated nodules (several mm to 10cm)
◦ Swollen nipples +/- exudate
◦ Ropy lymphatics

50
Q

how do we diagnose mammary neoplasia in cats

A

◦ Tumor histology (FNA, biopsy)

51
Q

how can we treat mammary neoplasia in cats? what is an important differential

A

◦ Surgery
◦ Chemotherapy
◦ Radiation
◦ Important to do metastasis check

52
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra in cats is associated with what hormone?

A

high progesterone

53
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra signs

A

Often see infertility signs prior to pyometra
◦ Due to endometrial changes noted (cystic hyperplasia)

Clinical signs of pyometra:
◦ Not cycling
◦ Depression, lethargy
◦ PU/PD
◦ Distended abdomen, vomiting
◦ +/- vaginal discharge

54
Q

are ovarian cysts common in cats?

A

yes

55
Q

signs of ovarian cysts in cats

A

If cyst cells are secreting estrogen:
◦ Persistent estrus

Or can have no clinical signs (no estrogen secretion)

True persistent estrus – like those caused by ovarian cysts – can be hard to distinguish from a normal cat (overlapping follicular growth)

56
Q

how to diagnose ovarian cysts in cats?

A

◦ Ultrasound

57
Q

how to treat ovarian cysts in cats?

A

◦ Luteinization with hCG (induce ovulation)
◦ Surgical drainage
◦ OHE

58
Q

how to treat ovarian cysts in cats?

A

◦ Luteinization with hCG (induce ovulation)
◦ Surgical drainage
◦ OHE

59
Q

Causes of EED/abortion in cats:

A
  • FIP
  • Feline Herpes Virus
  • FeLV
  • Panleukopenia
  • Toxoplasma
  • Salmonella
  • Chlamydophila
  • Mycoplasma
60
Q

4 categories of infertility in queens

A

◦ Persistent anestrus

◦ Persistent estrus

◦ Cycling queens that refuse copulation with the male

◦ Cycling queens that fail to conceive after copulation with a fertile male
> 1st step is to determine if they ovulated

61
Q

in a case of queen infertility, where should we look first for solutions?

A

look at management 1st
◦ Including breeding behavior

◦ Season? Photoperiod?
◦ Recent change in environment
◦ Partner discrimination
◦ Husbandry – vaccine status, deworming, etc.

62
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility/subfertility in the bitch?

A

Poor bitch breeding management/ovulation timing

63
Q

Pyometra most commonly occurs when? What hormone causes this disease?

A

progesterone; diestrus

64
Q

What happens if a queen does not ovulate? What stage of the estrous cycle does she go into?

A

She goes into the interestrous interval

65
Q

The induction of estrus is most effective when:
a) < 120 days have passed since the last proestrus
b) GnRH agonists are used
c) >120 days have passed since the last proestrus

A

c) >120 days have passed since the last proestrus

66
Q

Select the most correct answer:
a) Ovulation is induced by copulation in cats
b) The LH surge is induced by copulation in cats
c) Cats can be induced to ovulate at any time during their estrous cycle

A

b) The LH surge is induced by copulation in cats

67
Q

Benign Mammary Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy is most common in what type of signalment? What is an important part of the history that could lead you to believe that a cat was affected by Benign Mammary Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy?

A

Young Cats
Was recently in heat

Therio 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions