Malaria Flashcards
what is the vector for malaria?
female anopheles
what is the life cycle of malaria in the human body?
bite to live to RBC…they grow in liver and rupture and they also grow and rupture in the RBCs
four common types of malaria
plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale and malariae
what plasmodium is most common outside of africa?
plasmodium vivax
what RBCs can falciparum, vivax, malariae, and ovale infect?
falciparum is all RBCs
Vivax and Ovale is reticulocytes
Malariae is old RBCs
which two plasmodium have liver dormancy and can infect later?
vivax and ovale
prepatent period of malarial infection
early infection…asymptomatic…division in liver
paroxysm period of infection with malaria
fever and chills…RBCs are infected now
which plasmodium causes severe malaria and how does it do it?
falciparum…sticks to all endothelial cells by reorganizing a protein to allow it to stick to any endothelial cell
what is the protein that allows falciparum to stick to any endothelial cell?
PfEMP1
what is the gene that can lead to pregnancy specific falciparum malaria
the falciparum parasites can turn on a gene called VAR2CSA that helps it stick to placental endothelial cells
3 ways malaria kills kids
low birth weight, febrile illness, chronic episodes causes severe anemia
in areas of high incidence of malaria, are adults immune? and if they are how long does the immunity last?
yes they are immune, and immunity only lasts short period of time
places with low incidence like asia and SA you see more adults with infection because they have less exposure to develop immunity
3 blood disorders that inhibit malaria
sickle cell
thalassemias
G6PD deficiency
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines importance for Vivax malaria
it is the primary receptor for vivax malaria and is absent in the african population
P ovale and P vivax dormancy…why do these vary in length?
due to seasonality and temperature changes where they are
rapid diagnostic test for malaria
antibodies against different plasmodiums
PCR testing for malaria
using species specific primers
ITNs for malarial prevention
insecticide treated bednets…not great but used where bad infrastructure
IRS malarial prevention
indoor residual spraying to selectively kill female anophelines
DDT
best IRS malarial prevention
progression of malarial treatment through drugs
Quinine to Chlorquinine to Fansidar to Artemisinin combination therapies (coartem)
what is the gold standard for malaria with falciparum treatment now?
artemisinin combination therapy
what is the gold standard for vivax malaria treatment now?
chloroquine usually but if resistant then artemisinin combo therapy
with vivax infection…what must be given in addition to the chloroquine and why?
primaquine to treat the hypnozoites that are chillin in the liver
Why should artemisinin be given with another drug and what is the common drug added?
artemisinin is a fast and short acting drug, so want to combine with a longer acting drug like mefloquine
