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Heme Midterm 1 > Anemia Types and Info > Flashcards

Anemia Types and Info Flashcards

1
Q

How big should an RBC be? and how much should be central pallor?

A

size of lymphocyte nucleus

1/3 of total diameteer

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2
Q

hyperchromic RBC

A

central pallor less than 1/3 diameter

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3
Q

hypochromic RBC

A

central pallor greater than 1/3 diamter

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4
Q

anisocytosis definition

A

RBCs vary in size

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5
Q

microcytosis definition

A

small red blood cells, use MCV

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6
Q

microcytosis possible causes

A

almost always iron deficiency

Thalassemias, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia, chronic disease, hemoglobin C disease

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7
Q

Macrocytosis definition

A

RBSs are too big, use MCV

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8
Q

causes of macrocytosis

A

B12/folate deficiency leading to megaloblastic problems or DNA synthesis issues

liver, thyorid, chemotherapy, anti retrovirals, aplastic anemia, MDS<

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9
Q

hypochromasia definition

A

red cells with too little hemoglobin, central pallor will be more than 1/3

most common cause is iron deficiency

MCH measures

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10
Q

polychromasia definition

A

red cells with more of a bluish hint…usually larger and likely reticulocytes

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11
Q

poikilocytosis definition

A

RBCs varying widely in shape

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12
Q

anisopoikilocytosis definition

A

RBCs varying in size and shape

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13
Q

Target cells definition and causes

A

RBCs look like targets

liver disease, thalassemias, hemoglobin C, post splenectomy

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14
Q

spherocytes definition

A

loss of central pallor in RBCs

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15
Q

spherocytes causes (2)

A

hereditary spherocytosis and autoimmune hemolysis

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16
Q

schistocytes definition and disorder it is marker for

A

red cell fragments with sharp edges

marker for microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)

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17
Q

Bite cells definition and disorder it is marker for

A

RBCs with bites taken out of them

Heinz body hemolytic anemia

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18
Q

most common deficiency leading the Bite cells or Heinz body hemolytic anemia

A

G6PD deficiency

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19
Q

echinocytes/burr cells definition and common cause

A

small regular projections off the RBCs

seen in renal disease

20
Q

acanthocytes/spur cells definition and common cause

A

larger irregular projections off RBCs

liver disease

21
Q

teardrop cells definition and common causes

A

look like a teardrop

usually from myelophthisic processes like myelofibrosis, tumor metastasis in bone marrow, granulomatous diseases in marrow, leukemias/lymphomas

22
Q

howell jolly bodies definition and common cause

A

nuclear remnants in a RBC

seen after a splenectomy

23
Q

common cell disorders of RBC seen after splenectomy?

A

target cells, acanthocytes, schistocytes, howell jolly bodies

24
Q

rouleaux definition and common causes (2)

A

linear arrangements of RBCs, like coins stacked

due to increased levels of immunoglobulin seen in multiple myeloma and waldenstroms macroglobulinemia

sometimes hypo-albuminemia

25
Q

agglutination definition and common cause

A

usually due to the clumping of RBCs

due to IgM coating the RBCs

26
Q

common things seen in smear with iron deficiency anemia?

A

hypchromic and microcytic cells

increased number of platelets

27
Q

megaloblastic anemia findings on a smear and cause?

A

RBCs are macrocytic and neutrophils are hypersegmented

B12 deficiencies

28
Q

findings on a smear with autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

polychromasia RBCs and microspherocyte RBCs

29
Q

hemoglobin measurement

A

directly measured…amount of hemoglobin

30
Q

hematocrit measurement

A

calculated, volume of RBC per volume of blood

31
Q

MCV measurement

A

mean cell volume, direct measurement of red cell volume

32
Q

MCH and MCHC measurements

A

calculated values

33
Q

RDW measurement

A

coefficient of variation in red cell size…gives idea on range of sizes seen in RBCs

34
Q

hypovolemia definition

A

low blood volume

35
Q

symptoms of acute hemorrhage leading to hypovolemia

A

hypotension, orthostatic changes, syncope, shock

36
Q

symptoms of tissue hypoxia that can be seen with anemic patients

A

fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive problems, ischemic pain (angina or claudication)

37
Q

body changes to acute anemia

A

increased CO by increase HR…sometimes SV

vasoconstriction

38
Q

body changes to chronic anemia (3)

A

kidneys retain salt and water more to beef up blood volume

increase erythrocyte 2,3DPG

increase erythropoietin synthesis

39
Q

renal mesangial cells

A

sense low oxygen delivery and signal for erythropoietin synthesis

40
Q

3 mechanisms of anemia?

A

hemorrhage or bleeding

hemolysis (short cell life)

decreased cell production

41
Q

two ways to classify anemias?

A

by erythropoietic response and by red cell size and hemoglobin concentration

42
Q

two erythropoietic responses to anemia

A

hyperproliferative and make plenty of reticulocytes

hypoproliferative and make too few reticulocytes

43
Q

What does it mean if reticulocyte index is less than 2% or absolute reticulocyte count is less than 75,000?

A

means you have a hypoproliferative problem

44
Q

What does it mean if reticulocyte index is more than 2% or absolute count is greater than 100,000?

A

hyperproliferative..anemic problem likely from hemorrhage or hemolysis

45
Q

What conditions give sign to give anemic patient a transfusion?

A

cardiovascular compromise…heart failure, angina, shock

hypoproliferative anemis with no or prolonged recovery

anemic patient going into surgery

Heme Midterm 1 (11 decks)

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