Malaria

Question 1

term for the malaria parasite

Answer 1

Intracellular Apicomplexan Parasite

Question 2

What structures are present on malaria parasite

Answer 2

Mitochondria / Linear Genome / Golgi / Apical Complex

Question 3

With falciparum, what does it lead to in a naive host?

Answer 3

Fatal in 2 weeks

Question 4

What temperature is falciparum abundant in

Answer 4

20*

Question 5

Name the other 3 types of malaria causes

Answer 5

Vivax / Ovale / Malariae

Question 6

Vivax / Ovale / Malariae lead to what instead of fatal consequence

Answer 6

Long term infection / not fatal generally

Question 7

Arbo virus + Parasite Lymphatic Fibriasis is transported by what vector

Answer 7

Culex / Aedes

Question 8

What is the female mosquito attracted to

Answer 8

Odours ( CO2 + Feet + sweat)

Question 9

Whats released with the saliva

Answer 9

Anti coagulants + Elongated sporozoites

Question 10

Elongated sporozoites invade where

Answer 10

Kupffer Cells

Question 11

Elongated Sporozoites transform into what? What is the process called. How long does it take?

Answer 11

Asexual reproduction – > Merozoites (6-15 days)

Question 12

Merozoites invade what? What do they then become in these cells?

Answer 12

RBC / Kupffer cells = Ring Trophozoites

Question 13

RIng Trophozoites display what on the RBC? What does this allow?

Answer 13

PfEMP1 = Stick endothelium + Sequester from circulation

Question 14

Ring Trophozoites form what via what process

Answer 14

Schizonts via Schizogony

Question 15

Schizonts can differentiate into what 2 things

Answer 15

Gametocytes / Merozoites

Question 16

Male / Female Gametes form what in the mosquito

Answer 16

Oocyst

Question 17

Complicated Malaria can lead to what 4 things?

Answer 17

cerebral Malaria // anaemia // hepatosplenegomly / Heart failure

Question 18

What 4 drugs are given

Answer 18

Chloroquine

Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine

Mefloquine

Quinine

Question 19

What does (Nice,2019) recommend

Answer 19

Quinine

Question 20

Vivax is resistant to what

Answer 20

Quin / Chloro

Question 21

What gold std. diagnostic is done? which finger and what is wiped away

Answer 21

fingerstick method // 3rd/4th finger // first drop whipped away to encourage deeper bleeding

2x giemsa thin // 2x giemsa thick

Question 22

How much blood and lysed RBC is needed for thick stain? Whats done to it then?

Answer 22

3-5ul

spread + air dried

Question 23

What type of microscope is used as gold std.? what mag does this allow?

Answer 23

Blood Film Microscope

(x10 low mag) + (x100 oil immersion objective lens)

Identifies presence of parasite

Question 24

Thin Stain Giemsa requires what of RBC? What method is done for it?

What does this then allow that thick stain doesnt

Answer 24

Monolayer of RBC (2um from edge slide)

45* feather slide + air dried

Methanol fix + giemsa stain

Speciation and quantification

Question 25

What antigen is released from trophozoites that can be detected? What plasmodium only releases this and what can this tell us?

Answer 25

HRP-2

Stays in blood for 2wks to see if treatment has worked

Falciparum only releases this

Question 26

OptiMAL is a MAB for what?

What sens and spec is it?

Whats the problem with it?

Answer 26

Anti-PLDH

sens (96.6) + spec (85.4%) (Tagbor,2008)

Says its plasmodium not falciparum

Question 27

Name a drug prophylaxis given

Answer 27

Mefloquine

Question 28

What can be used as a vector control method used on bed nets?

Answer 28

Permethrin