Cryptosporidiosis

Question 1

For General Diagnostics for intestinal parasite, what needs to be done for fresh stools

Answer 1

examined / prepped immediately

kept in fridge for molecular/antigen work

Question 2

If stool is firm, what does it mean?

Answer 2

High Cysts / eggs count

Asymptomatic

Question 3

Loose Stools means what?

Answer 3

High Troph count = less likely to survive in environment

Question 4

For morphology of eggs/cysts what preservation techniques need to be done? Why not protozoa trophozoites?

Answer 4

10% formalin

Question 5

What does 10% formalin allow further procedure?

Answer 5

Concentration procedure

Fluroescence microscope

acid fast stain

ELISA

Question 6

if molecular work is needed what preservation technique is needed? why?

Answer 6

polyvinyl-alcohol

doest destro dna like formalin

Question 7

what does polyvinyl alcohol allow the visualisation of?

What does it not allow?

Answer 7

Trophozoites and cysts

Helminths / eggs / concentration / ELISA / Stain

Question 8

What does the concentration technique allow

Answer 8

Seperation of parasite from faecal matter = increased chance of detecting parasite

Question 9

Flotation technique is a concentration technique using what?

What 2 things are bad about it

Answer 9

Zinc Sulfate thats heavier than parasite

eggs / cysts collapse + Not all parasites float

Question 10

Sedimentation technique is a concentration technique involving what? What does it allow but whats its main problem?

Answer 10

Seperation of parasite into layers based off lower specific gravity than parasite

Centrifuging into layers

Prone to layers

Question 11

What 2 parasite cause cryptosporidiosis

Answer 11

C. Parvum

C.hominis (human)

Question 12

What vector is responsible for crypto? What borne parasite is it?

Answer 12

Filth flies

Food borne

Question 13

What age group does it target

Why?

Answer 13

1-5 years old

Less adaptive Immune = less likely to wash hands etc.

Question 14

Whats been happening to the number of cases?

Answer 14

Decreasing due to increased std. living

Question 15

Where do periodic spikes occur?

Answer 15

Drinking water reservoirs = outbreaks

Question 16

What cells does cryptosporidios invade? What happens to these cells?

Answer 16

Epithelial cells of intestine = permeability / secretion / abs defects = Increased H20 release

Question 17

Whats the incubation of crypto? Whats the general symptoms

Answer 17

7 days

Diarrhoea / dehydration

Question 18

What drug is given for cryto?

Whats the general treatment?

Answer 18

Nitazoxanide

Sports drink (electrolyte replacement)

Immune system can sort its self as self limiting

Question 19

Trophozoite –> ? —> ?

Answer 19

Merozoite –> Gamont

Question 20

Macrogamonts are what?

Microgamonts are what?

Answer 20

Female

Male

Question 21

if zygote becomes thin walled oocyst, what happens to it?

Answer 21

Sporozoite –> recycle

Question 22

If zygote becomes thick walled oocyst….

Answer 22

Exit hosts = host-host spread

Question 23

Whats the gold standard procedure for diagnosis

Answer 23

10% formalin + Acid fast stain

Sedimentation –> Wet mount + iodine –> Microscope

Question 24

What microscope settings are used for crypto?

Answer 24

Bright field + Phase Contrast

Question 25

What other techbique can be used to detect crypto w/higher spec and sensitivity?

Answer 25

Immunofluorescence microscopy

Question 26

Name 3 general prevention methods

Answer 26

Good hygiene

Boil water

Avoid fecal exposure during sex

Question 27

Why shouldnt you use recreational water grounds?

Answer 27

Oocysts still sheeding for weeks

Question 28

Why is boiling water better than treating it with chlorine

Answer 28

Parasite resistant to chlorine