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IP > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What is icterus?

A

jaundice

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2
Q

Life cycle of malaria? (3)

A
  1. upon mosquito bite, gametocytes fuse and sporozoites develop
  2. sporozoites enter lymph vessel to lymph nodes as well as capillaries
  3. from capillaries, they enter liver cells
  4. liver cells rupture and release merozites
  5. RBC are penetrated by merozites
  6. asexual reproduction
  7. development into gametocytes
  8. uptake in blood during mosquito meal
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3
Q

How many times does a mosquito bite? why?

A
  • twice
  • once to infect you
  • once to feed off you
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4
Q

The clinical outcome of malarial infection in a patient depends on what?

A
  • convergence of many parasite, host, geographic, and social factors
  • this may result in a range of possible outcomes, from asymptomatic infection to severe disease and death
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5
Q

Pathogenesis of malaria? (4)

A

pic

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6
Q

Evasion of immune mechanism by Plasmodia?

A
  • genome diversity
  • cytoadherence, intraerythrotic sequestration, rosetting and knob formation
  • switching “on” and “off” genes
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7
Q

How many countries are now malaria free? how many still have transmission?

A
  • free: 109
  • still transmit: 99
  • proportion of worlds population who live in malaria endemic regions has decreased from 70% to 50%
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8
Q

When is fever produced during the malaria life cycle?

A

-when the schizonts mature at 48 hour intervals

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9
Q

Woman with seizures following fever case? (10)

A

pic

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10
Q

Man with jaundice and fever case? (11)

A

pic

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11
Q

Immunity for malaria?

A
  • people can live with it for decades or die from it overnight
  • immunity is patchy and incomplete
  • drugs work, except when they don’t
  • vaccine makers create ever more promising failures
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12
Q

Male refugee case? (12)

A

pic

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13
Q

What is the gold standard for determining malaria?

A

-thick and thin peripheral blood smears

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14
Q

Plasmodia are?

A

intra-erythrotic

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15
Q

What is the most lethal form of malaria?

A

P. falciparum

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16
Q

What is the most common form and may cause relapse?

A

P. vivax

17
Q

What are the different ways of diagnosing a malarial infection? (16)

A
  • direct visualization of parasites
  • detection of parasite biomarkers
  • detection of host biomarkers
18
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of malaria?

A
  • fever
  • severe anemia
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • splenomegaly
19
Q

How does one get cerebral malaria?

A

-malaria parasites are sequestered in small blood vessels

20
Q

Man with fever, chills case? (17)

A

pic

21
Q

When is malaria considered severe?

A

when more than 5% of RBCs are parasitized

22
Q

Signs and symptoms of severe malaria?

A
  • jaundice
  • pulmonary edema
  • gingival bleeding
  • ARDS
23
Q

Why could a relapse occur?

A
  • due to the formation of hypnozoites in liver
  • symptoms are triggered under stress
  • types: P. vivax, P. ovale
24
Q

What is the major public health intervention in malaria?

A

doors and window screens

25
Q

What is a testimony to malarias evolutionary ingenuity?

A
  • the mosquitos ability to exploit almost any type of water natural ponds, marshes, irrigation ditches, and used tyres
  • a malady mentioned on clay tablets by members of an ancient civilization in 4000 BC is yielding its secrets to 21st century scientists
26
Q

P. vivax is not so benign? (23)

A

pic

27
Q

Why was the CDC established?

A
  • established in 1946 to control malaria
  • called the Communicable Disease Center (CDC)
  • 1970 became Center for Disease Control
  • 1992 became Center for disease Control and Prevention
28
Q

What is a common way to provide protection against malaria?

A
  • insecticide treated bed nets
  • “the best doctor prevents the disease”
  • malaria can be suppressed but rebounds when pressure is released
29
Q

Why do bed nets work so well to prevent malaria?

A
  • highly efficacious
  • very scalable
  • simple
  • inexpensive
  • durable
  • acceptable
  • relatively free from service delivery constraints
  • have collateral benefits against other infectious diseases
  • they reflect the “rank” and “class” of people using them (from cheap cotton to silk to gold)
30
Q

What is Artemisinin annua?

A
  • herbal medicine
  • remarkably effective against malaria

IP (29 decks)

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