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IP > Intro to Mycology > Flashcards

Intro to Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of fungi that anti fungal medications target?

A
  • ergosterol in plasma membrane
  • chitin in cell wall
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2
Q

general characteristics of fungi?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • nucleus with nuclear membrane
  • subcellular organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, microtubules
  • plasmalemma (plasma membrane) composed of glycoproteins, lipids, ergosterol
  • cell wall contains chitin (polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine), mannans, glucans, other complex carbs
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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane of fungi composed of?

A
  • glycoproteins
  • lipids
  • ergosterol
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4
Q

What is the cell wall composed of?

A
  • chitin (polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine)
  • mannans
  • glucans
  • other complex carbs
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5
Q

Comparison of fungi and bacteria? (4)

A

pic

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6
Q

Types of fungi?

A
  • mold
  • yeast
  • dimorphic fungi
  • dematiaceous fungi
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7
Q

Mold?

A
  • filamentous form of fungi
  • the mold found on foods
  • reproduction: sexual and asexual spores
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8
Q

Yeast?

A
  • oval shaped
  • single celled form of fungi
  • reproduce by budding/fission
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9
Q

Dimorphic fungi?

A

-fungi that grow as a mold at 25 degrees C (typically infectious form) and yeasts at 37 C

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10
Q

dematiaceous fungi?

A
  • not a type of fungi, just refers to pigmentation
  • black or brown pigmented fungi
  • often causes a type of infection called phaeohyphomycosis
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11
Q

Hyphae?

A

filaments or tubular structures of molds

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12
Q

Types of hyphae?

A
  • septated (septa)- rigid, have cross walls (aspergillus)
  • nonseptated (aseptate)- coenocytic, ribbon like (zygomycetes)
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13
Q

Why is differentiating between septated and nonseptated hyphae important?

A

-it aids in differentiating between potential pathogens

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14
Q

What are pseudohyphae?

A
  • hyphae like structures formed by incomplete budding of yeast cells
  • constricted at their point of attachment
  • Candida albicans
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15
Q

Mycelium?

A

mass of intertwined hyphae

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16
Q

Different types of Mycelium?

A
  1. Vegetative mycelium
    - absorbs nutrients (like roots)
    - grow into growth medium
  2. Aerial Mycelium
    - contains reproductive structures
    - asexual spores are called conidia
    - conidiospores support chains of conidia (aspergillus)
    - sporangiospores are within sac like structures (sporangium- Mucormycetes subphyla)
    - spores on top of mold
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17
Q

Asexual spores are called what?

A

conidia

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18
Q

What is blastoconidia?

A
  • conidia asexual spores
  • budding yeast cell
  • Cryptococcus neoforms
  • tissue form of Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic)
  • tissue form of Blastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic)
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19
Q

Microconidia and macroconidia?

A
  • single or multi celled conidia
  • used to spectated dermatophytes (ring worm and athletes foot cause them)
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20
Q

Extracellular budding yeast?

A
  • blastomyces dermatitis
  • conidia
  • broad based budding yeast
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21
Q

intracellular yeast?

A

-histoplasma capsulatum

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22
Q

Arthroconidia?

A
  • conidia formed by fragmentation of hyphae
  • infectious form of Coccidioides immitis
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23
Q

Endospores?

A
  • spores produced within a spherule
  • tissue form of Coccidioides immitis
24
Q

Telemorph?

A

-fungal form producing sexual spores

25
Q

Anamorph?

A
  • fungal form producing asexual spores
  • this state is isolated from clinical specimens
  • clinical situations- asexual designations are used
26
Q

Sexual spores are called?

A
  • ascospores
  • basidiospores
  • zygospores
27
Q

What is taxonomic classification based on?

A
  • type of sexual spore
  • classes:
  • archiascomycetes
  • hemiascomycetes
  • euascomycetes
  • basidiomycetes
  • zygomycetes
  • Deutoeromycete or fungi imperfecti (sexual state unknown), they are renamed if sexual state is determined (some fungi have two names)
28
Q

Clinical classification of fungi?

A
  • cutaneous mycoses
  • superficial mycoses
  • subcutaneous mycoses
  • systemic mycoses
29
Q

cutaneous mycoses?

A
  1. dermatophytes
    - molds
    - cause ringworm, aka tinea
    - infect skin, nails, hair (keratinized cells)
    - noninvasive
  2. cutaneous/mucocutaneous candidiasis
30
Q

superficial mycoses?

A
  • tinea versicolor- overgrowth of normal fungi which causes changes in pigmentation
  • Malassezia furfur- normal skin flora
  • endogenous
31
Q

subcutaneous mycoses?

A
  • direct inoculation into a puncture wound
  • Sporothrix schenkii:
  • dimorphic fungus
  • associated with rose bushes and mulch
  • subcutaneous ulcers that spread along the lymphatics draining the primary lesion
32
Q

Systemic mycoses?

A
  • involve internal organs
  • often caused by opportunistic pathogens
  • endemic mycoses:
  • found in specific regions worldwide
  • dimorphic fungi
  • not opportunistic, but more likely to disseminate if the host is immunocompromised
  • can be rapidly fatal (can infect multiple organs, host is already immunocompromised)
33
Q

Types of fungi causing systemic infections, are opportunistic? (24)

A

chart

34
Q

Dimorphic characteristics of endemic mycoses?

A
  • mold- when in environment , infectious form
  • yeast- when inside host
35
Q

What are the possible classifications of candida albicans?

A
  • yeast- when normal flora
  • dimorphic- because it can form hyphae and pseudohyphae when it causes invasive disease
36
Q

How do you differentiate between aspergillus and mucor?

A
  • aspergillus is separated
  • mucor (zygomycetes) is aseptated
37
Q

Fungal pathogens (endemic and opportunistic)? (25)

A

chart

38
Q

Characteristics of endemic fungi (systemic infections)?

A
  • dimorphic fungi (inhale mold form, yeast form replicate in tissues)
  • many cases are mild or asymptomatic
  • most people in endemic area are skin test positive
  • immunocompromised patients are prone to disseminated disease
39
Q

Summary of clinical mycoses? (28)

A

chart

40
Q

Diagnosis of fungal infections?

A
  1. clinical symptoms- need to suspect fungal pathogen
  2. detection of fungus in clinical specimen- rapid and economical but may not be as sensitive as culture
  3. confirm by culture
  4. peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH)
  5. PCR/amplification based tests
41
Q

Are fungal infections fast or slow growing?

A

slow

42
Q

What type of stain can help see the type of conidia and/or hyphae produced?

A

lactophenol cotton blue

43
Q

PNA-FISH?

A
  • fluroescent probes for species- species rRNA sequences added to clinical specimens and visualized by fluorescence microscopy
  • identifies Candida and other yeasts
44
Q

PCR/amplification tests in diagnosis?

A
  • limited sequence databases
  • likely to be important for diagnosing mycoses in the future- target sequences being defined
45
Q

KOH preparation?

A
  • chitin and complex polysaccharide are not destroyed by alkali treatment
  • way to look for hyphae
  • can be combined with calcofluor white to make it easier to see but need fluorescent microscope
  • add ink to make visualization easier
46
Q

Gomori’s methenamine silver?

A
  • type of stain
  • allows brown/black fungi to jump out in color
47
Q

Stains for clinical specimens?

A
  1. KOH prep
  2. calcoflor white
  3. Gomoris methenamine silver
  4. periodic acid schiff (PAS)
  5. gram stain (fungi are usually gram +)
  6. general histological stains include Giemsa and hematoxylin and eosin
48
Q

What is serology and what is it used for in fungal infections?

A
  • antibody detection of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis
  • mainly used to monitor disease progression
  • antibody/antigen titers in serum:
  • usefulness is limited by lack of sensitivity and specificity for many fungal pathogens
  • can be used to monitor progression of disease and response to therapy
49
Q

What indicates acute infection in serology?

A

IgM

50
Q

What indicates recent infection in serology?

A

4 fold increase in IgG titer

51
Q

What do skin tests indicate for fungal infections?

A
  • past or present infection
  • fungal antigens may induce cross reactivity with other fungi
  • not diagnostic
52
Q

What is latex agglutination used for?

A

to test for cryptococcal capsule

53
Q

ELISA and latex agglutination tests are for what fungi? what they help see?

A
  • for aspergillus and candida mannan
  • helps look for antibodies and antigens
54
Q

D-arabinitol in serum is associated with what?

A

disseminated candidiasis

55
Q

D-mannitol in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is associated with what?

A

pulmonary aspergillosis

56
Q

Limulus lysate assay for beta (1,3) glucan?

A
  • indicates presence of fungus, but doesnt identify genera
  • detected in patient with invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis

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