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IP > Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between innate and acquired immunity? Similarities?

A

Innate:

  • rapid response (hours)
  • fixed, broad
  • limited number of specificities
  • constant during response

Acquired:

  • slow response (days to weeks)
  • variable
  • highly selective specificities
  • improve during response
  • memory
  • more advanced
  • resolves infection usually

Similar -common effector mechanisms for destruction of pathogens

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2
Q

Besides infectious processes, what is the immune system involved in?

A
  • transplantation immunity
  • autoimmune disorders
  • hypersensitivity (allergies)
  • tumors?
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3
Q

What is the immune system composed of?

A

cells:

  • lymphocytes
  • granulocytes
  • macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells

Molecules:

  • antibodies
  • cytokines
  • complement
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4
Q

What are the lymphoid cells? where are they produced? Function?

A

B lymphocytes:

  • made in bone marrow
  • key in adaptive immunity (humoral)

T lymphocytes:

  • made in thymus
  • key in adaptive immunity (humoral and cell mediated)
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5
Q

Describe the antigen receptors on B lymphocytes?

A
  • have an antigen binding site-determines which cell responds, very specific
  • heterodimer chain
  • light chain with binding site
  • heavy chain which anchors molecule, goes through transmembrane region
  • more diverse
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6
Q

Describe antigen receptors on T lymphocytes?

A
  • antigen binding site, very specific
  • alpha and beta chain
  • variable region on top
  • constant region on bottom
  • anchored in transmembrane region
  • less diverse, recognize linear molecules
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7
Q

Explain why B and T lymphocytes are important to adaptive immunity?

A

T -centrally important in most adaptive antigen specific immune responses

-made in thymus

B -make antibodies which can attack viruses or bacteria

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8
Q

What are antibodies? Where are they produced? Function? What do they look like?

A
  • protein that binds specifically to an antigen
  • produced by plasma cells (differentiated B cell) in response to infection or immunization
  • binds to and neutralizes pathogen or prepares for destruction by phagocytes or complement
  • look like B lymphocytes, but chains are connected by disulfide bonds
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9
Q

What are the major subsets of T cells? What do they regulate? Functions?

A

CD4+:

  • helper/inducer
  • make cytokines
  • regulate afferent (generation) and efferent (effecting the response) arms of many different types of response
  • produce antibodies
  • generate cell mediated and humoral responses
  • Regulatory T cells

CD8+:

  • cytolytic T cells
  • cytotoxic or cytolytic for cells bearing relevant antigen
  • regulates immune responses (suppression)
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10
Q

Functions of B lymphocyte, Helper T lymphocytes, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Regulatory T lymphocytes?

A

B -make antibodies

-neutralize microbes, phagocytosis, complement activation

Helper T -make cytokines

  • activate macrophages
  • inflammation
  • activation of T and B lymph

Cytotoxic T -kill infected cells

Regulatory T -Suppress other lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are the types of specific immunity? Specificity? Memory?

A

Active:

  • generate a response
  • natural via infection
  • artificial via vaccination
  • specific
  • has memory

Passive

  • natural by transplacental or colostral transfer of antibody
  • artificial by administration of immune globulins
  • specific
  • no memory

Adoptive -transfer of immune cells

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12
Q

What activates natural killer cells (NK)?

A

when a virus inhibits class 1 MHC expression

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13
Q

What are natural killer cells? Function?

A
  • clear virally infected cells
  • clear tumor cells
  • effector in natural immunity
  • act in same time frame as innate
  • faster than B and T cells
  • may enhance inflammation
  • phagocytosis of extracellular microorganisms and viruses
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14
Q

What are the two subsets of NK cells? Function? Where found?

A

CD56 dim -make up 90% of NK cells in blood

-enhanced cell killing capacity

CD56 bright -make up 90% of NK cells in tissues

-enhanced growth factor and non inflammatory cytokines

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15
Q

What leukocytes have the biggest proportion in human blood?

A
  • neutrophil (40-75%)
  • lymphocyte (20-50%)
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16
Q

What are the cardinal features of adaptive immune response?

A
  • specifity
  • diversity
  • adaptibility
  • memory
  • self limitation
  • discrimination of self and non self
17
Q

Cardinal features: specificity?

A
  • an immune response is specific for distinct antigens
  • function of distinct antigen receptors on the lymphocyte surface
  • antigen receptors present before exposure to antigen
  • basis of clonal selection theory
18
Q

Cardinal features: diversity?

A
  • total number of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes in an individual is large
  • individual can discriminate at least 1 billion different antigens
  • result of incredible variability in the antigen receptors among lymphocytes
19
Q

Cardinal features: adaptability?

A

ability to respond to antigens not previously encountered in nature

20
Q

Cardinal features: memory?

A
  • exposure of the immune system to foreign antigen enhances its ability to respond again
  • secondary immune responses are more rapid, bigger, qualitatively different
21
Q

Cardinal features: self limitation?

A

-immune response wanes with time because of the elimination of antigen, effector cells are short lived, regulatory feedback elements of immune response

22
Q

Clonal selection theory?

A
  • every individual contains numerous clonally derived lymphocytes
  • each lymphocyte has an antigen receptor specific for a single antigen
  • these are present prior to exposure to antigen
  • antigen selects a pre existing clone and activates it
23
Q

What is the architecture of a lymph node? where do T cells and B cells congregate?

A

T cells- in center

B cells- outer

24
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response to the same antigen?

A

see pic

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