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Chemistry > Making Resources > Flashcards

Making Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When a material reacts with substances within the environment and eventually wears away
Rusting is the corrosion of iron in the prescience of oxygen and water

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2
Q

What are physical barriers?

A

Grease, paint, electroplating (coating in another metal)
Aluminium reacts with oxygen to make a very thin layer of aluminium oxide around the metal that acts as a physical barrier
This layer then protects the rest of the metal from corrosion

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3
Q

What is sacrificial protection?

A

A more reactive material is placed on the material e.g iron is galvanised in zinc

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4
Q

What is bronze?

A

Copper and tin
Resistant to corrosion
Statues/ decorative items/ ship propellers

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5
Q

What is brass?

A

Copper and zinc
Very hard but workable
Door fittings/ taps/ musical instruments

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6
Q

What are gold alloys?

A

Copper/ silver/ zinc added
Attractive, corrosion, hardness depends on carat
Jewellery
24 = 100%
18 = 75%

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7
Q

What is high carbon steel?

A

1-2% Carbon
Strong and brittle
Cutting tools/ metal presses

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8
Q

What is low carbon steel?

A

Iron, Less than 1% Carbon
Soft and easy to shape
Cars, machinery, ships, containers, structured steel

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9
Q

What is stainless steel?

A

Iron with chromium and nickel
Hard and resistant to corrosion
Cutlery, plumbing

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10
Q

What are aluminium alloys?

A

Over 300 different alloys
Low density, properties depend on composition
Aircraft/ military uses

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11
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Materials with versatile properties with many different uses

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12
Q

What is soda lime glass?

A

Heat sand, limestone, sodium carbonate
Transparent and brittle
Everyday glass objects

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13
Q

What is borosilicate glass?

A

Heat sand and boron trioxide
Higher melting point
Oven and laboratory glassware

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14
Q

What are clay ceramics?

A

Shape wet clay and heat in furnace
Hard, brittle, easy to shape, resistant to corrosion
Crockery/ construction/ plumbing

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15
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A

The monomers that make them up
The conditions in which they are made

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16
Q

What is low density polyethene?

A

LDPE is formed from addition polymerisation under high pressure and in the presence of a small amount of oxygen
Branched polymer chains cannot pack together

17
Q

What is high density polyethene?

A

HDPE Addition polymerisation carried out using a catalyst at 50 degrees C
Polymer chains are straight and can pack tightly together

18
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers?

A

Don’t have links between different chains and so soften when heated

19
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Have strong cross links between polymers and so do not melt when heated

20
Q

What are composites?

A

Main material (matrix) and fragments or fibres of other materials (reinforcements)
This means the materials properties can be made more useful
E.g plywood or concrete

21
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

Ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen

22
Q

How does the haber process work?

A

Hydrogen from natural gas and nitrogen from the air are pumped in
The nitrogen and hydrogen are compressed to 200atm at 450 degrees C
They are passed through a reaction vessel with an iron catalyst
In the cooling chamber, ammonia liquifies and the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are returned to the reaction vessel

23
Q

What are the conditions for the Haber Process?

A

Temperature - lower temperature favours forward exothermic reaction but warmer temperatures increase rate
Pressure - increases yield but is expensive
Catalyst - increases rate, not yield
Compromise between yield, cost and rate

24
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Increase the amount of food obtained from crops
Nitrogen , phosphorus, potassium
Formulations

25
Q

Examples of composites

A

Metal-concrete
Glass-ceramic
Polymer-glass

26
Q

Where does nitrogen come from?

A

Haber process -> ammonia and nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate/ ammonium sulfate found in leaves

27
Q

Where does phosphorous come from?

A

Mining -> phosphate rocks and acids
Phosphate salts roots

28
Q

Where does potassium come from?

A

Mining rocks
Potassium sulfate or potassium chloride
Growth of flowers and fruits

29
Q

Laboratory

A

Small scale
Batches
Titration and crystallisation
Ammonia and sulfuric acid
Lower energy cost

30
Q

Factory

A

Large scale
Continuous
Several steps
Raw materials
Higher energy cost

Chemistry (15 decks)

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