Making monoclonal antibodies Flashcards
How are monoclonal antibodies produced (Hybridoma method)?
- The mouse is injected with antigen.
- The mouse undergoes the immune response/clonal selection.
- The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse
- The lymphocytes are taken from the spleen of the mouse
- The mouse cells and with tumour cells are mixed together
- They fuse together to form Hybridoma cell
- The antibody-producing cells are selected and are allowed to divide by mitosis to produce more copies.
Difference in concentration of antibody concentration after vaccine and after vaccine with same pathogen
- The vaccine contains attenuated form of pathogen
-After the vaccine clonal selection takes place - Lymphocytes that are complementary to the receptors undergo clonal expansion
- Lymphocytes specialize into memory cells
- When the infection with the same pathogen occurs, the memory cells in the blood are able to make antibodies in larger quantity and faster rate.
Why Monoclonal antibodies are advantageous to treat cancer cells than chemo?
Because they are specific to the cancer cells
The antibodies will only bind to the affected cells
The treatment does not harm the other cells om our body
Treg cells importance
- Prevents auto-immunity
- Due to recognising self-antigen
- contribute to immune homeostasis by maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens
How cytokines involved in immune response
cytokines stimulate B cells production hence increase the antibodies production and stimulate macrophage(fight) to attack
because many quantities of SER can be seen
Have high propotion of SER
and that function to synthesize steroid hormone/lipids
how testoterone can enter target cells
possible way is endocytosis/facilitated diffsion
they will pinch in to form vesicle in membrane containing testoterone molecule this process requires ATP as it is an active process
Why cyrokine cannot enter target cells
because they are too large to pass through the fatty acid region
cytokines are polar hydrophilic
Why cytokine cannot enter target cells
because they are too large to pass through the fatty acid tails
cytokines are polar hydrophilic and therefore cannot enter hydrophobic cell membrane
Nucleus present:
Nucleus absent :
Circular large nucleus:
Kidney-shaped nucleus:
nucleus not rounded :
Nucleus lobed :
WBC
RBC
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
neutrophil/monocyte
neutrophil
Why blood contain more WBC in infected person?
because of result of immune response clonal expansion by mitosis and increase of macrophages
increase b cells lead to increase to production of antibodies
why sickle cell anemia considered a disease
affects the physical wellbeing of a person and characterized by a set of signs and symptoms, adverse effect such as less oxygen take up the RBC resulting in breathing issue
synthesis phase
metaphase
anaphase
DNA replication
and produces genetically identical chromosomes
spindle fibres line up at the equator
chromosomes orieneted so that sister chromatids are shared out to the daughter cells
sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles
centromere splits and spindle fibres shortens
seperation of chromatid takes place
why daughter cells are not identical right afte cytokinosis
because unequal distribution of cytoplasm
structural change that occur in xylem vessel due to elongated cells?
xylem transports water and dissolved mineral ions
end walls of the xylem are broken
so tube forms to transport the water/mineral ions
so continious flow
lignifcation takes place
where in the lignin strengthens the vessels
cells become hollow
and this leads to greater volume of water flowing the per unit time
