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ANTH 111 > Making Living - Lecture > Flashcards

Making Living - Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptation?

A

A process by which organisms develop physiological and behavioural characteristics that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment.

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2
Q

What is adaption an interception between?

A
  • changes an organism makes in environment
    and
  • changes the environment makes in organism
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3
Q

What is interaction between us and the environment?

A

Adaption

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4
Q

Why were lifestyles encountered by Europeans the way they were?

A

Because the environments had been the same way for a long time ~3000-5000 years.
-When the environment is stable, people don’t need to modify and adapt because their life is stable.

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5
Q

What are the two types of environment?

A

physical or anthropogenic

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6
Q

How is adaption of humans achieved?

A
  • Achieved genetically and physiologically, like in other species by means of natural selection.
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7
Q

Yet, adaption in humans is mainly (not exclusively)___and this differs us from other species.

A

cultural

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8
Q

What are the three parts of human adaption?

A
  • ecological adaption
  • social adaption
  • psychological adaption
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9
Q

What is a balance between environment and physiological response of humans to the environment

A

adaption

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10
Q

What do changes in environment introduce in humans?

A

introduce changes in humans at basic physiological level.

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11
Q

What differentiated us from other species?

A

culture

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12
Q

How do humans interact with environment?

A

through production
- patterned and organized activities by which people transform natural resources into things (products) that satisfy their needs/wants.

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13
Q

What 3 things does production (a social activity) involve?

A
  • the division of labour
  • patterns of cooperation
  • allocation of rights to resources
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14
Q

What are the 3 components of production?

A

labour, technology, resources

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15
Q

Why do we interact with the environment?

A

for purposes of satisfying needs

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16
Q

What are the 5 patterns of adaption (aka patterns of subsistence)?

A
  • foraging (hunting and gathering)
  • horticulture (incl. slash-and-burn cultivation)
  • intensive agriculture
  • pastoralism (or herding)
  • industrialism (including mechanized agriculture)
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17
Q

Describe the lifestyle of foragers? (4 points)

A
  • move about a great deal
  • seasonal congregation and dispersal
  • small size of groups (bands)
  • populations stabilize well below the carrying capacity of their land
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18
Q

What is the average size of foraging bands?

A

fewer than 100

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19
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

Is the maximum population size that the environment can sustain at a given level of technology, without depleting itself.

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20
Q

What is the oldest subsistence pattern?

A

food foraging

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21
Q

How many people today are foragers?

A

half a quarter of million people today

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22
Q

Why do foragers need to move around a lot?

A

because their resources are limited, season nd climate change

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23
Q

What is an example of foragers?

A

Ju’ / hanse

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24
Q

How are foraging societies usually perceived?

A

Starving, malnourished, no social or cultural life.

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25
Q

What are foraging societies like in actuality?

A

They are well nourished, cultural (they meet each other often, visiting neighbours). Women spend more time in camps, whereas men hunt.

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26
Q

What is an example of an egalitarian subsistence pattern?

A

foraging

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27
Q

What is an egalitarian society?

A

sharing, everyone gets same amount of food/resources

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28
Q

How is wealth NOT viewed in foraging societies?

A

Not viewed as money and surplus of food.

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29
Q

What is their a low density of in foraging?

A

social relations

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30
Q

In foraging societies, and membership is___.

A

fluid

31
Q

In foraging, gender___.

A

autonomy

32
Q

What are rights to resources like in foraging societies?

A

flexible

33
Q

What is the definition of egalitarian?

A

populations have few possessions and share what they have – reciprocal sharing (is normatively expected).

34
Q

What is the original affluent society?

A

foragers

35
Q

What are the three elements of human organization in foraging?

A
  • division of labor by gender
  • food sharing
  • the camp
36
Q

What is the the camp in foraging societies?

A

centre of daily activity and the place where food is shared.

37
Q

What are two examples of food foragers?

A
  • The Netsilik (Hudson Bay)

- Ju/hoansi (Kalahari Dessert)

38
Q

In which way (4) the Ju/ the “original affluent society”?

A
  • highly developed
  • well balanced and ample diet
  • plenty of leisure time
  • rich in human warmth and aesthetics
39
Q

During what period was the transition from foraging to production?

A

Neolithic period

40
Q

Transition to Food production:
___middle east
___central asia
___New World (Mexico, Northern Peru)

A
  • 11 000
  • 9000
  • 5000-6000
41
Q

How does horticulture work?

A

People use mainly or only the energy of their own muscles to clear land, turn over the soil, plant, weed, and harvest crops.

42
Q

What is shifting (swidden)?

A

cultivation (slash and burn)

43
Q

What are the two types of horticulture?

A
  • shifting (swidden)

- dry land gardening

44
Q

What are 5 cultural consequences of horticulture?

A
  • improves productivity of land
  • modifies natural environment
  • requires people to make labour investment into land
  • rights to land are becoming better defined
  • introduces sedentary lifestyle
45
Q

When did the storing of possessions become possible?

A

With horticulture (not nomadic bands, but villages).

46
Q

When did ownership of land begin to emerge?

A

With horticulture

47
Q

What does intensive agriculture rely on?

A

relies on energy other than human

48
Q

Why does intensive agriculture rely on other energy than human?

A

because fields are farmed more frequently

49
Q

Which subsistence pattern utilizes substantial fertilization, crop rotation, and irrigation

A

intensive agriculture

50
Q

What subsistence pattern was common at the time of contact (Old-New World)

A

intensive agriculture

51
Q

What ist eh “single farm family unit” a consequence of?

A

intensive agriculture

52
Q

What can the surplus from intensive agriculture be used for?

A
  • exchanged for other goods
  • traded (using money)
  • collected to be used as payment for public work
  • collected as taxes (used later for public purposes)
53
Q

What was the result of intensive agriculture (specifically the surplus created)?

A

People become politically (inter)dependent

54
Q

What led to the development of state (large-scale political organization)?

A

Intensive agriculture

55
Q

What led to the development of a farming class of peasants?

A

Intensive agriculture

56
Q

What is pastoralism?

A

Subsistence that relies on raising herds of domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

57
Q

True of False: Pastoralists are usually nomadic.

A

True

58
Q

What are the Bakhtiari, Baser, and Nuer examples of?

A

Pastoralists

59
Q

What led to individuals being free to specialize full-time in distinct activities?

A

development of cities

60
Q

What did non-industrial cities grow around? What did they develop from?

A
  • non-industrial cities grew around the earliest most successful farming communities
  • developed as intensified agricultural techniques created a surplus
61
Q

What did the development of cities result in?

A

Increased social stratification

62
Q

What is social stratification?

A

People are ranked according to gender, the work they do, and the family they are born into

63
Q

when did social relationships grow more formal and centralized?

A

development of cities

64
Q

When was the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan founded/

A

1235

65
Q

The Tenochtitlan population in the 16th century was___times that of London.

A

five

66
Q

How many square kilometres did Tenochtitlan cover? How many houses were there?

A
  • 52

- 60 000

67
Q

What was Tenochtitlan based on?

A

Intensive agriculture

68
Q

Was diversification of labour with numerous specialists absent in Tenochtitlan?

A

no

69
Q

What were the three main classes in Tenochtitlan?

A

serfs, commoners, and noblels

70
Q

Who ruled Tenochtitlan?

A

a semidivine king ruled with a council of advisors

71
Q

What oversaw public business in Tenochtitlan?

A

A large bureaucracy

72
Q

What are the aztecs famous for?

A

temples, religion (human sacrifice) MILITARY

73
Q

What did Tenochtitlan form around?

A

a big lake

74
Q

Where did they build crops in Tenochtitlan?

A

floating in the lake

ANTH 111 (20 decks)

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