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ANTH 111 > Kinship and Descent- Lecture (2) > Flashcards

Kinship and Descent- Lecture (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Which 4 descent groups emerge in societies with unilinear descent?

A

1) Lineages
2) Clans
3) Phratries
4) Moieties

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2
Q

Which 3 types of societies did descent groups emerge?

A

Descent groups emerged in horticultural societies, pastoral, and intensive agricultural societies.

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3
Q

Why do forgers, in general, not track descent?

A

Foragers do not need to track descent (only own about 11 kilos per person). There was no practical need because they did not need to control ownership, resources, etc.

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4
Q

What does kinship revolve around?

A

ownership and access to resources

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5
Q

Define Lineages.

A

Made up of consanguineal kin who can trace their genealogical links to a common ancestor.

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6
Q

What represents an alliance of two lineages?

A

Marriage of a group member

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7
Q

What does lineage exogamy maintain?

A

Lineage exogamy maintains open communication and fosters exchange of information among lineages.

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8
Q

Are lineages made up of few or many generations?

A

few generations

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9
Q

How many generations make up a lineage in rural China?

A

4-5 generations

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10
Q

What are 6 corporate actions taken by lineages?

A

1) manage resources
2) redistribute goods
3) provide services
4) organize labour
5) assign status
6) regulare external relations

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11
Q

What is lineage fission?

A

When lineages split

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12
Q

What appears when lineages split?

A

clans emerge

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13
Q

What constitutes a clan?

A

two more lineages will constitute a clan

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14
Q

Why do lineages split?

A

As new generations are born, tensions arise. Lineages will split

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15
Q

When are clans created?

A

Created when a large lineage group plots into new, smaller ones.

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16
Q

From what do clans claim descent?

A

Members claim descent from a common ancestor without knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor.

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17
Q

What can “chronological depth” of a clan span?

A

Unlimited number of generations the track of which can be lost.

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18
Q

What is a difference between a clan and a lineage?

A

Usually folks don’t remember the exact individuals they descent from in a clan (difference from lineages)

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19
Q

In what 4 ways are clans non-corporate in their nature?

A

1) because of dispersed membership they provide individuals with entry rights to another group
2) emphasize exogamy when it comes to marriage
3) own/share ceremonies, not property
4) clans depend on symbols to sustain their identity (totems, for example, in north-west Canadian cultures)

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20
Q

Lineages typically have___that are more intimately experienced than in clans.

A

tensions

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21
Q

What do clans depend on to sustain themselves?

A

symbols

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22
Q

What is the definition of a phratries?

A

A unilinear descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether probably or not.

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23
Q

What is the definition of a moietie?

A
  • (after a French world ‘half’)

- In cultures where entire society is divided into two groups (moieties)

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24
Q

What is ‘kindred’?

A

A small circle of paternal and maternal relatives formed in cultures with bilateral descent.

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25
Q

What is a kindred always defined in relation to?

A

Defined always in relationship to ego..

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26
Q

True or False: a kindred is never the same for any two persons except siblings.

A

True

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27
Q

What percent of foraging cultures are bilateral or ambilineal?

A

60%

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28
Q

What fraction of pastoral societies are patrilineal?

A

3/4

29
Q

Where is matrilineal descent more likely to be found? What percent of this type of society is matrilineal?

A
  • horticulture

- 60%

30
Q

What are the explanations for the fact that patrilineality emerged?

A

Improves success in intergroup warfare

31
Q

Why is horticulture more likely to develop matrilineal descent?

A
  • long-distance warfare or trade

- (because men are away from home more and women are needed to maintain household)

32
Q

What are the 4 types of kinship systems?

A
  • the Eskimo system
  • the Hawaiian system
  • the Iroquois system
  • the Omaha system
33
Q

Who first proposed the kinship systems? When?

A

Lewis Henry Morgan in 1871

34
Q

There is a general consensus amongst anthropologists that there are___basic kinship systems.

A

6

35
Q

In the Eskimo system, ‘mother’ and ‘father’ are reserved for who?

A

biological parents

36
Q

Who are ‘aunt’ and ‘uncle’ in the eskimo system?

A

Used for all brothers and sisters of the parents

37
Q

In the eskimo system, the terms ‘sister’ and ‘brother’ are reserved for who?

A

biological siblings only

38
Q

Who is the term ‘cousin’ reserved for in the Eskimo system?

A

Reserved for all children of the ego’s uncles and aunts

39
Q

Which system of kinship is closest to the one we use in English?

A

the Eskimo system

40
Q

True or False: The Eskimo system is common, culturally speaking.

A

False

41
Q

What three groups is the Eskimo system common amongst?

A
  • Inuit
  • Ju/’hoansi
  • English kin terms
42
Q

The Eskimo system is common in societies with___descent and where___is important.

A
  • bilateral

- kindred

43
Q

True or False: The Eskimo system is a rare system.

A

True

44
Q

In the Hawaiian system, who is referred to as ‘mother’ and ‘father’?

A

Are used for all in ego’s ascending generation

45
Q

What is everyone in ego’s generated called in the Hawaiian system?

A

brother or sister

46
Q

In the Hawaiian system, are there the terms for English’ cousins, uncles, and aunts?

A

No

47
Q

The Hawaiian system in common in societies with___descent.

A

ambilineal

48
Q

What is absent in the Hawaiian system?

A

strong unilinear descent

49
Q

The Hawaiian system rules out marriage between___.

A

cousins

50
Q

Which cultures the Hawaiian system found?

A

Coastal Salish, Polynesian cultures

51
Q

In the Iroquois system, who is ‘father’?

A

Includes father’s brother, but not mother’s brother

52
Q

In the Iroquois system, who is ‘mother’? q

A

Includes mother’s sister, but no father’s sister

53
Q

Who does ‘uncle’ refer to in the Iroquois system? Who does ‘aunt’ refer to in the Iroquois system?

A
  • ‘Uncle’ refers to only mother’s brother

- ‘Aunt’ is used only for father’s sister

54
Q

Who are ‘brother’ and ‘sister’ in the Iroquois system?

A

Brother and sister are used for children of father’s brother and mother’s sister (parallel cousins)

55
Q

In the Iroquois system, ‘cousins’ are___cousins.

A

cross

56
Q

The Iroquois system is associated with___descent.

A

matrilineal

57
Q

What kinship system is found in Iroquois, Yanomamo, and rural China?

A

The Iroquois system

58
Q

Who are preferred as marriage partners in the Iroquois system?

A

Cross cousins

59
Q

Who is ‘father’ in the Omaha system?

A

father includes father’s brother, but not mother’s brother

60
Q

Who is ‘mother’ in the Omaha system?

A

Mother includes mother’s sister, but not father’s sister.

61
Q

Who is ‘uncle’ in the Omaha system?

A

‘Uncle’ refers to only mother’s brother.

62
Q

Who is ‘aunt’ in the Omaha system?

A

‘Aunt’ is used only for father’s sister.

63
Q

What are parallel cousins called in the Omaha system?

A

brother and sister

64
Q

What are cross cousins referred to as in the Omaha system?

A
  • Mother’s brother’s daughters are called mother

- Mother’s brother’s sons are called mother’s brother

65
Q

The Omaha system is associated with strong___descent.

A

patrilineal

66
Q

True or False: The Omaha system ignores distinction between generations.

A

True

67
Q

In the Omaha system, parallel cousins___with children.

A

merged

68
Q

How does a man refer to his brother’s children in the Omaha system?

A

A man refers to his brother’s children as his own.

ANTH 111 (20 decks)

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