Family and Household- Text

Question 1

What is the definition of family (from the text)?

Answer 1

A married or common law couple with or without children, or a lone parent with dependent children May sometimes include non-kin members.

Question 2

What does “family” from the 14th-century Latin?

Answer 2

Designating the members (or servants) of a household – has long been regarded as a core social institution.

Question 3

What is the definition of culture-bound?

Answer 3

The interpretation of other practices and beliefs from the standpoint of one’s own culture. A culture-bound interpretation can be biased and unwilling to accept the validity of alternative phenomena.

Question 4

What is consanguine family?

Answer 4

A family unit consisting of a woman, her dependent offspring, and the woman’s brothers.

Question 5

What is a conjugal family?

Answer 5

A family consisting of two or more married or common law people, including same-sex people, with their dependent children.

Question 6

What is a nuclear family?

Answer 6

A married or common-law couple and their dependent children

Question 7

What is a polygynous family?

Answer 7

A family consisting of a man and his multiple wives, along with their dependent children.

Question 8

It is difficult to develop an inclusive definition of family that is not______.

Answer 8

culture-bound

Question 9

What type of family is the Nayar marriage system?

Answer 9

consanguine (or “blood”) family

Question 10

What is the living arrangement of the Nayar?

Answer 10

Men and women marry but do not live together as members of one household. Rather, they spend their lives in the households they grew up in, with th even “commuting” for sexual activity with their wives.

Question 11

What relationship does economic cooperation between men and women occur between in the Nayar culture?

Answer 11

Economic cooperation between men and women occurs between sisters and brothers rather than husbands and wives.

Question 12

What are the three types of conjugal families?

Answer 12

1) Nuclear family
2) Polygynous family
3) Polyandrous family

Question 13

What is a polyandrous family?

Answer 13

A family consisting of a woman and her multiple husbands, along with their dependent children.

Question 14

What are the roots of the nuclear family? What was the result (purpose)?

Answer 14

• Its roots go back to a series of regulations that the Roman Catholic Church imposed in the 4th century that prohibited close marriages, discouraged adoption, and condemned polygyny, concubinage, divorce, and remarriage.
• The result was to facilitate the transfer of property from families to the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 15

It is a biological fact that only___percent of all couples will have only daughters and that another___percent will have no children at all.

Answer 15

• 20

- 20

Question 16

What are the three family structures identified by Statistics Canada?

Answer 16

1) lone-parent families
2) common law families
3) married couples or nuclear families

Question 17

What is the fastest growing family structure in Canadian society?

Answer 17

the common law family

Question 18

True or False: The family as an institution serves the same function cross-culturally

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the functions of family as an institution, cross-culturally?

Answer 19

Nurturing children and creating cooperative economic unit.

Question 20

How do children begin learning their culture?

Answer 20

Through enculturation soon after birth. It is the responsibility of parents, and especially mothers.

Question 21

Overall, a 15 week Ju/’hoansi infant is in close contact with its mother about___percent of the time, compared with___percent for home-reared infants in mainstream Canadian society.

Answer 21

• 70

- 20

Question 22

Why is the near constant stimulation of infants important?

Answer 22

Recent studies show that stimulation plays a key role in the “hardwiring” of the brain; stimulation is necessary for the development of the neural circuitry. Nor should the role of frequent nursing be overlooked, since the longer a child is breast-fed , the higher it will score on cognitive tests and the lower its risk of having attention deficit disorder (hyperactivity). Furthermore, breast-fed children have fewer allergies, fewer ear infections, and less diarrhea, and are at less risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 23

What is an effective way to facilitate economic cooperation between the sexes while at the same time providing for a close bond between mother and child? ?

Answer 23

By establishing residential groups that include adults of both sexes. The differing nature of male and female roles, as these are defined within culture, requires a child to have an adults of the same sex available to serve as a proper model for the appropriate adult role.

Question 24

What is the household?

Answer 24

The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, childrearing,and shelter are organized and implemented; may or may not be synonymous with family.

Question 25

What does the typical household consist of?

Answer 25

Often, a household consists of a family along with more distant relatives. Co-residents may be unrelated, such as the service personnel in an elaborate royal household, apprentices in the household of craft specialists, or low-status clients in the households of rich and powerful patrons.

Question 26

What ist he basic core of the household in the vast majority of human cultures?

Answer 26

the family

Question 27

What is the form of nuclear family that is most familiar to North Americans?

Answer 27

The independent nuclear family, which in spite of its steady decline is still widely regarded as the “standard” in Canada and the United States.

Question 28

What are certain parallels that can be drawn between nuclear families in industrials societies and families living under especially harsh environmental conditions?

Answer 28

In both cases, the family is an independent unit that must be prepared to fend for itself; this creates a stronger dependence on one another. Minimal help is available from outside in the event of emergencies or catastrophes. In the event of the mother’s or father’s death, life becomes precarious for their children. Yet this form of family is well adapted to a life that requires a high degree of geographic mobility.

Question 29

What is extended family?

Answer 29

A collection of nuclear families, related by ties of blood, that live together in one household.

Question 30

What was the small nuclear family apart of in earlier, more agrarian era?

Answer 30

part of a larger extended family

Question 31

Where are extended families most likely to be found?

Answer 31

In cultures with an economy based on subsistence farming. They provide the large labour force necessary to till the soil, tend whatever flocks are kept, and carry out other pat-time economic pursuits considered necessary for existence.

Question 32

Why did extended families in Canada give way to nuclear families.

Answer 32

Canada became more urbanized.

Question 33

What are the five residence patterns?

Answer 33

1) Patrilocal residence
2) Matrilocal residence
3) Ambilocal residence
4) Neolocal residence
5) Avunculocal residence

Question 34

What is a patrilocal residence?

Answer 34

A pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband’s father’s relatives.

Question 35

What is a matrilocal residence?

Answer 35

A pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the wife’s relatives.

Question 36

What is ambilocal residence?

Answer 36

A pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence.

Question 37

What is neolocal residence?

Answer 37

A pattern in which a married couple establishes its household in a location apart from either the husband’s or the wife’s relatives.

Question 38

Which cultural patterns lead to a patrilocal residence?

Answer 38

Predominant role for men in subsistence, especially if they own property that can be accumulated, if polygyny is customary, if warfare is prominent enough to make cooperation among men especially important, and if there exists an elaborate political organization in which men wield authority.

Question 39

In which cultures is a patrilocal residence common?

Answer 39

Cultures the rely on animal husbandry and/or intensive agriculture for their subsistence.

Question 40

When does a matrilocal residence result?

Answer 40

If ecological circumstances make the women’s role predominant in subsistence.

Question 41

In which cultures is matrilocal residence commonly found?

Answer 41

Most often in horticultural societies, where political organization is relatively uncentralized and where cooperation among women is important.

Question 42

Why does marriage not usually involve compensation to the groom’s family in matrilocal residences?

Answer 42

Because the men usually did not move very far from the family they were raised in, so they were available to help out there from time to time.

Question 43

What is umbilical residence especially well suited to?

Answer 43

Situations where the economic cooperation of more people than are available in the nuclear family is needed but where resources are limited in some way. Because the couple can join either the bride’s or the groom’s family, family membership is flexible, and the two can live where the resources look best or where their labour is most needed.

Question 44

Why is ambilocality a crucial factor for foo foragers?

Answer 44

They find their food in nature and maintain an egalitarian social order, it is a crucial factor in both survival and conflict resolution.

Question 45

Where is neolocal residence commonly found?

Answer 45

This occurs where the independence of the nuclear family is emphasized. In industrial societies such s Canada, where most economic activity occurs outside rather than inside the family and where it is important for individuals to be able to move where jobs are found, neolocal residence is better suited than any of the other patterns.

Question 46

What is avunculocal residence?

Answer 46

A pattern in which a married couple lives with the husband’s mother’s brother.

Question 47

Where is avunculocal residence found?

Answer 47

IT is favoured by the same factors that promote patrilocal residence, but only in cultures where descent through women is deemed crucial for the transmission of important rights and property.

Question 48

What is the residence pattern of the Trobriand Islanders in earlier times?

Answer 48

Avunculocal residence because each individual was a member of a group of relatives who travel their descent through their mother, their mother’s mother, and so on, to the one woman all others were descended from. Each of these descent groups held property. These properties were controlled each generation by a male chief or other leader who had inherited these rights and obligations But because descent as traced exclusively through women, a man could no inherit these from his father. Thus, succession to positions of leadership passed from a man to his sister’s son. For this reason a man who was in line to take control of his descent group’s assets took his wife to live with the one he would succeed – his mother’s brother. This enabled him to observe how the older man cared for his hamlet’s affairs, as well as learn the oral traditions and magic he would need to be an effective leader.

Question 49

What is sororal polygyny?

Answer 49

A man marries several women who are sisters.

Question 50

What are two ways to revolve conflict in polygynous families?

Answer 50

1) sororal polygyny
2) provide each wife with a separate dwelling within a household compound and perhaps require the husband to adhere to a system of rotation for sleeping purposes.

Question 51

What are two distinctive structural characteristics that may cause difficulty in polyandrous families?

Answer 51

1) a woman’s older husbands are apt to dominate the younger ones
2) fraternal polyandry

Question 52

What is the problem with fraternal polyandry?

Answer 52

The longest brothers are likely to be considerably younger than their wives, who reproductive years are limited. This reduces a young husband’s chances of reproducing successfully, relative to older husbands. Not surprisingly, when polyandrous families break up, it is usually the longer husbands who depart.

Question 53

What is fraternal polyandry?

Answer 53

A woman marries several men who are brothers.

Question 54

What are 2 sources of conflict in extended families?

Answer 54

• Decision making in such families usually rests with an older individual, and other family members must defer to the elder’s decisions.
• In marrying spouses must adjust their ways to conform to the expectations of the family they have come to live with.

Question 55

What is a factor that prevents conflict in extended families?

Answer 55

dependence training and the concept of “face or “honour”

Question 56

What is the concept of “face” or “honour”?

Answer 56

May constitute an especially potent check on the power of senior members of extended families

Question 57

What is dependence training?

Answer 57

Raising people who are more inclined to be complaint and accept their lot in life than are individuals raised to be independent

Question 58

In which residence pattern do divorce rates tend to be high? Why?

Answer 58

In cultures that practice matrilocal residence. In some cultures with patrilocal residence, but contrast, divorce may be all by impossible, at least for women (the in-marrying spouses).

Question 59

Where and why are tensions common in nuclear families?

Answer 59

Modern industrial societies where etc family has lost one of its chief reasons for being: its economic function as a basic unit of production.

Question 60

What are some tensions in nuclear families (~5)?

Answer 60

• one or both adults in a marriage must seek work outside the family and their world may keep them away for prolonged periods
• the requirement for workers to go where their jobs take them may pull the husband and wife in different directions
• neolocal residence also tends to isolate husbands and wives from both sets of kins. This means that song mothers-to-be must face pregnancy and childbirth without the assistance and support of female kin.
• absence of experienced women within the family as well as a clear model for childrearing
• the importance of the nuclear family itself, in the form of anxieties over all age. Once the children are gone, who will care for the parents in their final years?

Question 61

Why are female-headed families increasing in North America.

Answer 61

• Young females have chosen to keep infants born outside of a marriage or common law relationship, a dramatic rise in single-parent families headed by women has occurred. Further, in the vast majority of divorce cases (81.3% in Canada), the children remain with their mother.

Question 62

What has the increase of single-parent families led to the increase of?

Answer 62

The number of women (and, or course, their children) who live below the poverty line.

Question 63

In 2003, nearly___of all female-headed families in Canada were in a low-income situation.

Answer 63

half

Question 64

True or false: Single-parent families are neither new nor restricted to industrialized societies such as Canada.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

True or false: These women and children (single-parent families) are the ones most severely affected by cutbacks made in social welfare programs since 1980.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

True or False: Since 1996 female-headed family incomes have been falling, patly because of decreased participation of women in the workforce.

Answer 66

False.
Since 1996 female-headed family incomes have been rising, partly because of increased participation of women in the workforce.

Question 67

Where are female households becoming increasingly common?

Answer 67

In developing countries, too, as development projects increasingly restrict women’s ability to earn a living wage.

Question 68

How do neolocal nuclear families impose considerable anxiety and stress on the individuals in such families?

Answer 68

Deprived of the security and multiplicity of emotional ties found in polygamous, extended, or consanguineal families, these nuclear families find that if something goes wrong it is potentially more devastating to the individuals involved.