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ANTH 111 > Economic Systems > Flashcards

Economic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is an economic system?

A

It is the patterned way in which the goods are produced, distributes, and consumed in the society.
- Human relationships –> resources, negotiation, organization of labour.

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2
Q

What is economic activity?

A
  • social process

- culturally constructed

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3
Q

What is economics?

A

The study of the ways in which the choices people make (as group or individuals) determine their society’s use of its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services.

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4
Q

The idea of___is a fundamental assumption of Western microeconomic theory.

A

scarcity

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5
Q

What are three assumptions of Western economy?

A

1) needs and wants (larger the we realize)
2) get as much as we can
3) cannot satisfy wants fully because of scarcity of resources

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6
Q

What s economizing behaviour?

A

Choosing a course of action that pursues the perceived maximum benefit.

  • How to most optimize your work. Quick and effective
  • path towards most effective outcome
  • less time consuming
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7
Q

What is benefit acc. to Dalton (1961)?

A

material well-being and profit

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8
Q

What is prestige linked to?

A

accumulation of wealth

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9
Q

What is the difference between Ju’hoansi vs. Westerns with the idea of prestige?

A

Boasting (Western) vs. Humility (Ju’hoansi)

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10
Q

What serves as wealth and prestige in Troiband societies?

A

yams

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11
Q

What does production relay on?

A

-religes on the availability of resources

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12
Q

What are the three types of resources?

A
  • basic resources (land, water, raw materials)
  • labour
  • technology
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13
Q

What do societies have that regulate access to and control over the basic resources as well as control and organization of labour.

A

rules and norms

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14
Q

What is the level of access to the resources an important characters of?

A

an economic system

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15
Q

What are the resources of foragers?

A

weapons and tools, land and water

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16
Q

How do foragers gain access to resources?

A

through membership in bands loosely based on kinship links

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17
Q

What is the relationship of foragers to the land?

A

right of access

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18
Q

What is the relationship of Ju’hoansi to the land?

A
  • water holes belong to certain families
  • relationship between group and land
  • women walk about 12 miles (~20 km) per day to gather
  • leader discussing permitting another group to work in their territory –> intense conversation
  • no ‘real’ property
  • difficulty saying ‘no’
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19
Q

Why are foraging bands kept small?

A

to ensure land is not exploited

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20
Q

What are pastoralist resources?

A

livestock and land

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21
Q

How do pastoralists gain access to resources?

A

through membership in corporate kin groups

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22
Q

What is the relationship of pastoralists to the land, as in, how do they gain access to the land?

A
  • in contemporary context, through contract with land owners
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23
Q

How do pastoralists gain access to livestock?

A

right of ownership, owned by family heads

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24
Q

Do resources increase or decrease when you go from foragers to pastoralists?

A

grow

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25
Q

How is a pastoralist society more regimented than a foraging society?

A
  • genealogical groups
  • male dominated social structure and relationships
  • kinship group regulates access to resources
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26
Q

True or False: access to land in pastoralist societies has to be negotiated.

A

true

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27
Q

What are the resources of horticulturalists?

A

tools, land and water, and storage facilities

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28
Q

How do horticulturalists gain access to resources?

A

through membership in kinship

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29
Q

What is the relationship of land with horticulturalist?

A

land: right of collective ownership

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30
Q

Why are horticulturalists more tempted to define reaction to land?

A
  • collective ownership…invent labour in land…labour is investment.
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31
Q

What was the ability to store food with horticulturalists important for?

A

human evolution

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32
Q

What are the resources of intensive agriculturalists?

A

land, water, raw materials, technology, labour, technological knowledge

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33
Q

How do intensive agriculturalists gain access to resources?

A

ownership of resources may be limited to a small group

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34
Q

What is the relationship to land with intensive agriculturalists?

A

land: right of ownership by right of sale and within the limits of the law

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35
Q

What type of society is intensive agriculturalists?

A

stratified and diversified

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36
Q

Do owners of land in intensive agriculturalists societies usual work the land too? What other way can land be own?

A
  • no, they rent it out

- ownership can also be institutionalized (ex. certain religious institutions)

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37
Q

Why do intensive agriculturalist need many children?

A

larger families because children are critical labour fore

38
Q

How did land change with intensive agriculturalists?

A
  • land becoming capitol
  • selling land
  • defined in terms of it being capitol
  • idea that you can buy and sell land
  • economic value, capitol, surplus
  • expansion
39
Q

What 2 things may depletion of resources lead to? Examples for both.

A

1) economic decline
- ex. fishing cod off Newfoundland ( 1950s-1990s)
2) collapse of the civilization
- ex. Easter Island (400 AD - 1700s)

40
Q

What is the basic unit of production and consumption in small scale economies?

A

a household or extended kin

41
Q

True of False: There is no distinction between food gathering and food producing.

A

False
Food fathering: small scale economy
Food producing: large scale economy

42
Q

What is household?

A

Group of people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption,and distribution among themselves.

43
Q

Is household relevant to small or large scale societies? Why?

A
  • relevant to small-scale societies because e not much takes place outside the household
  • element of distribution
44
Q

What is the basic unit of production in large scale economies?

A

business firm

45
Q

What is a business firm?

A

An institution composed of kin and/or non-kin and organized primarily for financial gain.

46
Q

How are individuals rited to firm?

A

Through sale of their labour for wages.

47
Q

What is the division of labour in every society?

A

Every society ahas a division of labor by gender and age.

48
Q

What is the benefit of division of gender?

A

makes learning more efficient

49
Q

What is the benefit of division by age?

A

provides sufficient time to developing skills

50
Q

What led to skills specialization?

A

emergence of agriculture

-specialization in large-scale societies

51
Q

Why is is s necessity to divide labour by gender?

A
  • physiological necessity

- nature facture figures in because of this

52
Q

What is cultigen?

A
  • women are more responsible for cultivated food

- men more free

53
Q

What happened when we discovered grain?

A

Women became more an more dependent.

  • women more concerned with growing food produced within the household
  • men put effort into raising crops that went out into the market –> no immediately consumed within household
  • challenge for women’s labour to be seen as prestigious. Women have become less independent.
54
Q

What are three patterns of work by gender?

A

1) flexible/integrated pattern
2) rigid segregation patter
3) dual sex pattern

55
Q

What percent of tasks are performed equally by men and women in foraging and horticulturalist societies?

A

35%

56
Q

How do boys grow up in horticulturalist and foraging societies?

A

boys and girls grow up in much the same way and learn to value cooperation over competition

57
Q

True or false: in foraging and horticulturalist societies, tasks deemed appropriate for one gender may be performed by the other.

A

true

58
Q

How is work divided in pastoral nomadic, intensive agricultural and industrial societies?

A

almost all work is defined as masculine or feminine and men and women rarely engage in joint efforts

59
Q

In pastoral nomadic, intensive agricultural, and industrial societies, who raises children?

A

both boy sand girls are raised primarily by women

60
Q

How is labour divided in some North American Aboriginal cultures and som West African kingdoms?

A
  • men and women carry out their work separately
  • the relationship is one of balanced complementarity rather than inequality
  • each gender manages its own affairs, and the interests of both men ad women are represent at all levels
61
Q

What are the 3 parts of distribution?

A
  • reciprocity
  • redistribution
  • market exchange
62
Q

What three types of reciprocity?

A
  • generalized
  • balanced
  • negative
63
Q

What is generalized reciprocity?

A

The value of what is given is not calculated and repayment is not specified .

64
Q

Where is generalized reciprocity usually carried out?

A

among close kin, highest degree of moral obligation

65
Q 
What is
- gift giving in Canada
- Inuit bear hunting
- Ju/' necklaces as gifts
examples of?
A

generalized reciprocity

66
Q

What is balanced reciprocity?

A

an exchange of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation to return them within a specific period of time

67
Q

Where is balanced reciprocity common?

A

typical of friends or members of different tribes in the settings without market economies

68
Q

What is the Kula ring an example of?

THIS IS ON TEST SO DON’T SKIMP OUT

A
  • Balanced reciprocity
  • Trobriand Islands
  • Soulava, long necklaces make of red shell move clockwise
  • Mwali, bracelets of white shell, move counterclockwise
69
Q

What is negative reciprocity?

A
  • the giver tries to get the better of the deal
  • bargaining
  • unsociable extreme in exchange
70
Q

What are theft, gambling, cheating, and bargaining examples of?

A

negative reciprocity

71
Q

Where is negative reciprocity common?

A

exchange between strangers or peoples hostile to one another

72
Q

What is an example of a group that practices negative reciprocity?

A

navajo trading fracties

- to deceive when trading with outsiders is morally accepted practice

73
Q

What is redistribution?

A

A form of exchange: goods are collected from or contributed by embers of a group and them redistributed to the group, often in the form of ceremonial feasts

74
Q

Where is redistribution typical?

A
  • household food sharing
  • societies where political organization is the one of chiefdoms (chiefs as social centres)
  • state societies, through taxation
75
Q

What was the Inca Empire known for having?

A

The most sophisticated tax system of its time

76
Q

What form of redistribution is common among pacific northwest groups, Tshmshan, Tlingit, Haida, Nootka, Bella Coola, and Kwakwaka’ wakw?

A

potlatch

77
Q

What is market exchange?

A

An economic system in which goods and services are brought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand.

78
Q

In market exchange, what is used as a measurement of value of exchange?

A

money

79
Q

True of False: market exchange occurs without regard to the social status of participants?

A

true

80
Q

What are the two kinds of market exchange?

A

1) tied to place (marketplace)

2) untied to place (ME); global market economy, global financial market

81
Q

What are the two types of consumption?

A
  • of food and beverages

- of goods and services (including art and entertainment)

82
Q

What is an important level with consumption?

A

The level of consumption and “manufacturing of needs”

83
Q

What are the three rituals of consumption?

A

1) culture specific
2) can be highly elaborate
3) speak about status, identity, power, hierarchy

84
Q

Why are households relevant to call-scale economies?

A

Because not much takes place outside the household.

85
Q

What is cultigen

A

Women more responsible for cultivate food. Men more free

86
Q

What is rigid segregation?

A

Men partake in production of most important resources and women elevated into child care, less prestigious resource gathering.
- ex. pastoralists

87
Q

What is flexible/integrated pattern of work by gender?

A
  • boys and girls are not segregated into socialization
  • no dominance of one gender over another
  • common in pre-contact times
88
Q

What is dual sex configuration?

A
  • hierarchical yet complimentary

- stratified, yet relationship is not equal

89
Q

What type of reciprocity is the Kula ring an example of?

A

balanced reciprocity

90
Q

Is there an economic value with balanced reciprocity?

A

no

ANTH 111 (20 decks)

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