Maintaining a Balance GOOD Flashcards
1
Q
What is the nervous system composed of?
A
CNS (brain, spinal chord)Peripheral Nervous System (surrounding nerves of the body)
2
Q
Anabolic
A
builds
3
Q
Catabolic
A
breaks down
4
Q
Explain with eg, the effect of a change in the internal enviornment of an organism
A
When internal enviro changes, eg, pH or temp, enzymes specific to that enviro cease to function. Eg, Pepsin works optimally at a pH of 2 in the stomach, however, if the pH was to change, pepsin would not function as effectively
5
Q
parts of the nervous system that detect changes in the external enviro
A
rods and cones in the eye’s retina detect light and colour, haircells in ear’s cochlear detect sound, mechanoreceptors&heat sensors in the skin detect touch. -tastebuds on tongue-olfactory receptors in nose (smell)
6
Q
using a named Oz plant identify how it responds to temperature change.
A
The Snow Heath, is a small prostate shrub which grows very slowly over the ground. Its slow growth rate and small leaves allow it to cope with the cold temperatures
7
Q
How is CO2 transported in blood?
A
-70% combines with water to form carbonic acid, then HCO3- ions-23% of this binds to haemoglobin –> carbamino-haemoglobin-7% dissolved directly in plasma
8
Q
how is oxygen transported in blood?
A
-transported and attached to haemoglobin in RBC –> oxyhaemoglobin (98%)-2% in plasma
9
Q
How is water transported in blood?
A
-solvent of the plasma, makes up 60% of blood’s volume
10
Q
How are salts transported in blood?
A
transported as dissolved ions (eg. NK, Mg)
11
Q
How are lipids transported in blood?
A
-synthesised into triglycerides and wrapped in a chylomicron package-transported in blood as fatty acids and glycerol
12
Q
How are nitrogenous wastes transported in blood?
A
-transported & dissolved in plasma as urea, sml amounts of uric acid and ammonia
13
Q
How are products of digestion transported in blood
A
amino acids, sugars, glycerol, vitamins all dissolved in plasma
14
Q
What is the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin?
A
-mammalian cells need lots of energy, therefore require continual oxygen for respiration reactions. Oxyen isn’t very soluble in water and can’t be carried efficiently dissolved in plasma-Haemoglobin is made of 4 polypeptides(haem units), can carry 4 oxygen molecules-this means a higher respiration rate and generation of more heat.HB molecule combines loosely w O2 @ resp. Surfaces so it can be easily released into capillaries, releasing O2 to where it’s concentration -ability to transport large amounts of O –> orgs. have considerable survival advantage as aerobic respiration is carried out a faster rate, allowing higher metabolic rate & activity
15
Q
Chemical composition of blood in lung tissue?
A
less CO2, more O2receives oxygen, releases carbon dioxide.
16
Q
Chemical composition of blood in muscle tissue?
A
-less O2-more CO2-less glucose-removal of toxins -less amino acidsSame urea(Respiration reactions!)
17
Q
Chemical composition of blood in liver tissue?
A
Removal of excess glucose, urea, vitamins, ions* if blood sugar levels are low, the addition of glucose occurs if glucose blood levels are TOO LOW
18
Q
Chemical composition of blood in kidney tissue?
A
-removal of excess water and salts from blood-less urea
19
Q
Chemical composition of blood in Endocrine tissue (glands)
A
addition of hormones
20
Q
What are products extracted from donated blood?
A
Whole bloodRBCWBCplateletsPlasmaImmunoglobins
21
Q
What are function and uses of RBC in donated blood
A
increase oxygen carrying capacityUsed to treat: cancer, anemia
22
Q
What are used of Platelets in donated blood
A
People with bleeding problems to stop bleeding at woundsUsed to treat people with low platelet count/bleeding problems
23
Q
What are used of Plasma (fresh/frozen) in donated blood
A
Used for Blood clotting problems for people after trauma or liver transplant-also used to restore osmotic pressure of blood-boost blood volume
24
Q
What are used of immunoglobins (infection fighting part of plasma) in donated blood
A
Used for treatment/prevention of inflammatory diseases or small infections or immune deficiencies eg.AIDS
25
What is the use and function of Arterial Blood Gas analyser?
Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood + pH-blood is obtained through artery that is run through blood gas analyser -invasive process, can't give diagnosis, non continuous and not always immediate-mostly used in ICU
26
What is use and function of a pulse oximeter?
Measures oxygen levels ONLY-more simple device, a probe is attached to ear/finger 2 wave lengths of light measure amount of how much oxygen is saturated in blood-non invasive, small and easily moved, v efficient-readings not always accurate as reliant on pulse of artieries (movement can affect it)Also is reliant on colour of blood (eg. Nail polish =distortion)-used during surgery, ICU
27
What are used of Whole blood in donated blood
Used in emergency transfusions, to restore volume or when blood component unavailable
28
What is chemical composition of small intestine
-O2 , more co2 same urea, more glucose
29
Liver
Less O2More co2 More urea less glucose
30
What are the advantages of PFC based substitutes?
-physiologically inert-universal blood type-reach areas of the body that RBCells can't-can be fully sterilised-can be used in surgery-stored for long periods of time &I at room temperature-cheap
31
What are the disadvantages for PFCs?
-don't carry out all the functions of normal blood (blood clotting, immune reactions, nutrient transport)-must be combined with other materials before entering the blood stream-there are still issues with the mixing of real blood-cause high blood pressure-tendency to lose oxygen before reaching capillaries
32
Why is there a need for artificial blood?
-blood is in high demand yet short supply-no. Blood donors in decline + increasing risk of disease transmission (HIV)-blood must be cross matched to specific blood type-blood has a short shelf life and can deteriorate
33
What are the advantages of PFC based substitutes?
-physiologically inert-universal blood type-reach areas of the body that RBCells can't-can be fully sterilised-can be used in surgery-stored for long periods of time &I at room temperature-cheap
34
What are the disadvantages for PFCs?
-don't carry out all the functions of normal blood (blood clotting, immune reactions, nutrient transport)-must be combined with other materials before entering the blood stream-there are still issues with the mixing of real blood
35
Why is there a need for artificial blood?
-blood is in high demand yet short supply-no. Blood donors in decline + increasing risk of disease transmission (HIV)-blood must be cross matched to specific blood type-blood has a short shelf life and can deteriorate
36
What are the responses of an Australian ENDOTHERM in changes to the ambient temperature . How do these responses assist in temperature regulation?
Red kangarooHOT CONDITIONS:-shelters during heat of day-licks forearms to increase evaporation from skin (doesn't sweat)-pants-decreases metabolic rate to cool downCOLD CONDITIONS:-increased metabolic rate, basking in sun
37
What are the responses of an Australian ECTOTHERM in changes to the ambient temperature . How do these responses assist in temperature regulation?
Desert Lizard (blue tongue lizard)HOT CONDITIONS:-seeks shelter & reduces movement to avoid overheatingLowers metab **when body temp increases, lizard raises body off the ground, allowing convection currents to carry heat away**COLD CONDITIONS-basks in sun as they are unable to generate heat internally-exposes larger surface to sun by orientations itself at right angle to sun- flattens its body to increase SA exposed to sun-in super long/sustained period of cold conditions it can hibernate in a sheltered position, lowering its metabolism
38
Responses of plants to temperature change:
HOT CONDITIONS-dormant seeds occur (withstand temperatures that might kill plant)-evaporative cooling (stomata in plants open--> water loss through transpiration)**can cause dehydration so excessive heat causes stomata to close -->preserve water******************************* COLD CONDITIONS-some plants alter solute concentrations to prevent intracellular freezing (❎ as causes dehydration)-growth rate is altered, drop leaves*******************************-poor pollen formation in too 🔥or❄️conditions +underground structures (roots, bulbs) in unfavourable conditions
39
Identify the broad range of temperatures over which life is found compared with the narrow limits for individual species
Life exists in broad range of temperature less than 0 to 100 degrees (bacteria)Most organisms live in enviro 0-45 degrees:-water freezes at 0 and cell membranes can break and rupture in cells-enzymes denature at above 45 degrees -individual species have specific temperature range in which they exist, where their adaptions allow them to survive, be active and reproduce
40
Why is the removal of wastes essential for continued metabolic activity?
-metabolic reactions produce toxic wastes, must be removed as they inhibit metabolic processes-cellular reaction waste products:ammonia, urea CO2, H ions-waste products affect some enzymes, disrupting metabolism and homeostasis. -can damage cellular components and take up space in cell
41
Why should the concentration of water in cells be maintained?
-vital for metabolic processes, thus must be kept constant to maintain pH and substrate concentrations-loss of water in cells mean they can't easily keep compounds dissolved, therefore metabolic processes are reduced-water is used in homeostasis:body temp is maintained, lubrication between internal organs, cushioning and excretion
42
What are the adaptions in Australian plants that assist in minimising water loss ?🌱🌿🍃
-eucalyptus hanging leaves vertically (reduce SA exposed to 🌞-waxy cuticle on leaves (tiny hairs trap moist air ,➡️less transpiration)-can close stomata at certain temp (conserve water)-sunken stomata on leaves (lengthen diffusion pathways &evaporation rate)-extensive root systems (better access to water-small needle like leaves-casuarina (water loss)however less photosynthesis
43
What is enantiostasis?
Maintenance of metabolic and physiological function in response to variations in the environment Estuarine enviro: varying water and salinity levelsEstuarine fish, invertebrates & mangroves all carry out enantiostasis
44
What is an osmoconformer?
Maintaining concentrated internal fluids and same level as external environment (bullshark)
45
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive: movement of substances from area of high concentration to low low concentrationActive: particles move against concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration
46
Outline the general use of hormone replacement therapy for people who can't secrete aldosterone
-Addison's disease: inability to secrete aldosterone (high urine output --> low boood volume--> low BP --> heat failure)The hormone fludrocortidone is used to treat condition but a careful monitoring must be maintained to avoid fluid retention and high blood pressure
47
What is the urine concentration in freshwater fish?
Osmotic problem: hypotonic to environment, water diffuses into body, salt diffuses out Role of kidney:Removes excess water, reabsorbe saltsFISH RARELY DRINKSUrine:Large amounts of dilute urine
48
What is the Urine concentration in marine fish?
Osmotic problem: hypERtonic to environment, water diffuses OUT, salt diffuses INRole of kidney:reabsorbs water FISH CONTINUALLY DRINKSUrine:Small amounts of concentrated urine
49
What is the Urine concentration in terrestrial mammals?
Osmotic problem:Water needs to be conservedRole of kidney:Regulates concentration of salts and water, excretes urea and conserved water Urine:Concentrations changes with temperature and (water is lost through sweat )
50
Production and excretion of nitrogenous wastes in Australian insects and mammals:
Insects (meat ant): conserve water by producing dry pase= Uric acid, high urine concentration*lots of energy however is the least toxic*Birds:uric acidMammals (humans) produce urea, medium toxicity, moderate water loss, medium concentration Spinnifex hopping mouse (desert)Concentrated urine (urea)Extensive renal medulla and long loop of henle for better reabsorptionUric acid, urea ammonia (toxicity levels)
51
What substances are actively reabsorber everywhere in the nephron?
Salts, glucose and amino acids
52
What are the substances are selectively absorbed in the loop of henle?
Hormones, ions, glucose and water are selectively reabsorbed
53
In the PCT and DCT what absorption occurs?
Salt is actively reabsorbed Water is passively reabsorbed
54
Where does ADH and aldosterone effect in the kidney
ADH -collecting ductAldosterone -DCT
55
What substances are actively reabsorber everywhere in the nephron?
Salts, glucose and amino acids
56
What are the substances are selectively absorbed in the loop of henle?
Hormones, ions, glucose and water are selectively reabsorbed
57
In the PCT and DCT what absorption occurs?
Salt is actively reabsorbed Water is passively reabsorbed
58
Where does ADH and aldosterone effect in the kidney
ADH -collecting ductAldosterone -DCT
59
Explain that homeostasis consists of 2 states:
1. Detecting changes from stable state2. Counteracting changes from the stable state
60
Effect of pH on enzyme activity(Steps 1-3)
1. 4ml hydrogen peroxide in 10 side arm test tubes with stopper2. Add five universal I dictator to each 3. Adjust pH accordingly by adding drops of hcl So that you have a pH of 2,4,6,8,10(Confirm w pH meter or universal indicator colour chart)
61
Effect of pH on enzyme activity(Steps 4-7)
4. Cut 10 x 1cm3 potato and grind with a mortar and pestle 5. Place a measuring cylinder up right into a water bath (full to brim) feeding the tube of the side arm test tube into each(Repeat for each 1)5. Add crushed potato to each solution in test tube and put stopper on asap 6. Observe the reaction and using the measuring cylinder observe how many mm of oxygen has been produced 7. Graph and record results
62
What are the results for the effect of pH on enzyme activity prac?
More oxygen was produced at pH of 6Meaning a pH of 6 is the optimum condition for catalyse
63
Why do you grind catalyse?
Intracellular enzyme, grinding breaks down cell walls and membranes, realising enzyme to the substrateAlso increases SA
64
Identify the role of th kidney in the excretory system of fish and mammals
Fresh water fish: -large glomerulus to absorb salts -water moves into gills via osmosis-actively reabsorbs saltsExcretes ammonia by diffusing across gillsLarger kidneys Salt water fish-glomerulus reduced/absent-active tubular secretion of saltsBody fluids are less concentrated than surroundings Kidneys are small and underdeveloped
65
What do plants respond to?
Plants respond to changes in light, water availability and temperature all related to heat.
66
What do plants need to maintain a strict balance between and what do they mainly use?
between the cooling of the plant and the loss of water.mostly use structural and physiological adaptations.
67
in plants what happens above 45 degrees and then 75 degrees
Above 40 degrees will damage protein and enzymes Above 75 degrees will damage the functioning of chloroplasts
68
How do plants respond in high temperatures?
Evaporative CoolingTurgor ResponseLeaf OrientationLeaf FallIn winter months some plants lose their leaves to reduce the surface area exposed to heat and also reduces the loss of water through transpirationReseeding and ResproutingThermogenic Plants
69
How do plants respond in high temperatures?
Evaporative CoolingTurgor ResponseLeaf OrientationReseeding and ResproutingThermogenic Plants
70
what is the Turgor response?
Plants wilt in relation to osmoregulation. As turgidity is lost in palisade cells, surface area to volume ratio decreases and hence allows less exposure to the sunlight.
71
how does leaf orientation response to an increase in temperature help plants to respond?
To overcome overheating and excessive water loss some plants orientate their leaves so they hang vertical to minimise exposure to afternoon sunlight. The opening and closing of stomata is also regulated
72
What is the name of the response that occurs when plants wilt in relation to osmoregulation. As turgidity is lost in palisade cells, surface area to volume ratio decreases and hence allows less exposure to the sunlight?
Turgor response
73
what does a plant do after extremely high temperatures eg. after fire?
Reseeds and resprouts:some plants have seeds that disperse after fires as a response to extreme heat. Eg. banksia pods open after fires. Eucalypts have epicormics buds beneath the bark surface where after fires can resprout.
74
What are thermogenic plants?
plants that increase their metabolic rate through the production of flowers and hence creating more heat energy
75
What are thermogenic plants?
plants that increase their metabolic rate through the production of flowers and hence creating more heat energy
76
How does having sunken stomata assist with minimising water loss?
Sunken stomata creates an area where water leaving the leaf can pool, keeping water in the leaf longer and decreasing the rate of transpiration, Eg. the casuarina.
77
How do plants respond in low temperatures?
Organic Anti-freezeDormancy Vernalisation
78
What is organic antifreeze?
The interstitial fluid in plants could freeze in low temperatures hence they produce a chemical that acts as an anti-freeze substance
79
Why would a plant become dormant?
in response to cold temperatures. In winter months in low temperature some deciduous trees lose their leaves (Antarctic beech). In autumn without the sunlight, photosynthesis cannot occur and hence the pigment is visible.
80
What is vernalisation?
Tulip bulbs need a period of extreme cold before they are able to flower. This is due to chemical growth regulators activating in extreme temperatures
81
Why are most aquatic animals ectotherms?
temperature fluctuations on land are much greater than in water
82
what are 3 reasons as to why it is essential that metabolic wastes be removed?
1. enzymes are affected by changes to conditions in enviro2. Excess wasts, eg. urea can damage cell membranes & kill cells3. Excess/limited water lowers the cell metabolism, which can inhibit cellular function & impact on homeostasis
83
To maintain a consistent and optimal cell environmentmetabolic wastes are removed by
– KIDNEYS in humans– GILLS in fish
84
What are the 3 main ways that plants have adapted to temp change?
1. Altering growth rates2. Dormant in winter3. Changing transpiration rates
85
What is a specific example for how a plant has adapted to a cold environment?
Alpine Groundsel- short height means its easily covered in snow---> acts as insulating layer to prevent freezing- Hairy layer on leaves & stem also traps warmer air --->reducing chances of freezing- roots & subsoil buds that are really close to the surface, but not exposed to freezing conditions
86
what could the mulgar tree be used as an eg for?
How a plant has adapted to hot & dry conditions
87
How has the mulgar tree adapted to hot & dry conditions?
-thick cuticle on leaves--->insulates & reflects heat & reduces waterloss- shape of leaves (narrow & curved) --->causes water to run directly to roots(effective adaption when water's scarce)
88
why do plants have responses to changes in temperature?
to help the plant to maintain homeostasis & function optimally
89
Do red blood cells have a nucleus?
no
90
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
91
What are the adaptive advantages of Hb?
- Increases oxygen carrying capacity of blood to 4 oxygen molecules per haemoglobin molecule- Has an affinity for oxygen, when one oxygen molecule is collected its desire for another increases which increases the rate and efficiency of oxygen uptake- Releases oxygen when carbon dioxide is present to areas of body in need of oxygen- Ability to pick up carbon dioxide after release of oxygen to take back to lungs through veins- Bohr effect is when the haemoglobin has a reduced affinity for oxygen in blood of low pH (inc. CO2) hence drops off the oxygen - Enclosed in a red blood cell
92
explain why the concentration of water in cells should be maintained within a narrow range for optimal function
Water is an essential aspect of metabolism and chemical reactions within the body. It is a solvent that forms the basic liquid medium of cytoplasm in cells and bodily fluids such as blood. It is a transport medium in plants. It dissolves both inorganic and organic substances. Changes in water concentration will change the concentration of solutes in the cells. Osmotic pressure must be maintained at a steady level to prevent cell bursting or shrinking. Water provides the necessary medium for all chemical reactions of metabolism to occur. Change in concentration will as a result alter the pH in cells. It is also required for structural support, turgid cells so that they do not become flaccid and die.
93
explain why the processes of diffusion and osmosis are inadequate in removing dissolved nitrogenous wastes in some organisms
In removing nitrogenous wastes, the concentration gradient is from low to high, the converse and hence active transport is needed to go against the concentration gradient. • Diffusion is too slow (passive) and the concentration gradient from high to low is not enough• These processes stop when they reach equilibrium and hence not all waste would be efficiently removed• If relying on osmosis, too much water would be removed and lost as large amounts would be needed to dilute the waste solution• The movement of water to create a dilute solution may alter the concentration gradient and hence affect the diffusion process
94
why is active transport needed in organisms? (brief)
Hence these issues of passive transport being inadequate are solved by active transport. It is much more quicker and effective than passive transport to remove wastes.
95
What is passive transport?
• Dependends on a dif. conc. gradient & is a slow process• Diffusion; movement of any molecules from a high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis; movement of water molecules from a high concentration to low through a selectively permeable membrane• When water returns back into the capillaries via osmosis after filtration
96
What is osmosis?
Movement of WATER from a low to high solute conc.
97
What is water?
A solvent (dissolves things)
98
What is diffusion?
The movement of PARTICLES from HIGH to LOW conc.
99
what is active transport?
• Goes against the concentration gradient• Involves a carrier protein that spans the membrane and uses cellular energy to move substances against concentration gradients• Involves sodium ions, glucose, amino acids, hydrogen ions across nephron walls• Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed • Additional nitrogenous wastes are added to urine• A salt pump mechanism in the tubules actively transports salt ions from urine to kidney cells
100
What does active transport go against?
concentration gradient
101
What are organisms that are osmoregulators?
organisms that avoid changes internally and are able to keep solutes at an optimal level (mechanisms to exclude salt) e.g. salmon, mussels
102
What are osmoconformers?
organisms that alter their internal concentration of solutes to match that of the external environment (body fluids conform to environment) e.g. sharks
103
Enzyme definition:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that control the rate of reactions in the body. Each enzyme is specific for a specific reaction --> what about induced fit model?
104
Describe the chemical composition of enzymes
Enzymes are proteins made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen,. They consist of long folded chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
105
When looking at a lock and key model of an enzyme, how would you describe the specificity of an enzyme on substrates?
Shape of enzyme and active site on enzyme have a specific shape which fits onto the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction occurs and the enzyme breaks away from the product(s).
106
If you are looking at a lock and key model that's been modified, (eg. In bottom corner, but not actually changing shape for enzyme in diagram to fit into) how do you outline how it's been modified?
Lock and key model's been modified to induced fit model. Analysis of the shapes of molecules shows that the active site is more flexible than a keyhole and can slightly alter its shape to fit more closely with the substrate.
107
What are the 5 factors that affect enzyme activity?
1. Amount of substrate present2. Temp 3. pH 4. Presence of coenzymes/cofactors 5. Presence of heavy metals (lead, mercury, zinc)
108
How should you talk about your method?
In past tense
109
If you had to talk about your entire experiment what would you talk about?
- "To achieve aim of.... We used the following experiment" - Equipment - 1 or 2 safety precautions - Numbered method - General description of results, describe what happens in graphSmall graph if possible
110
What equipment did you need for the experiment to test the effect of increased temperature on enzyme activity?
5 water baths, 10 test tubes, cow's milk, junket tablet (has rennin enzyme which is produced in stomachs of many mammals to clot milk), thermometer, stopwatch, mortar and pestle, electronic balance, test tube rack, measuring cylinder.
111
what are the risks involved when using a thermometer?
Care was taken when using mercury thermometers as if they break glass can cut and mercury is poisonous and in contact with skin could cause allergic rash.
112
Method for experiment to test the effect of increased temperature on enzyme activity?
1. Grind up two junket tablet with mortar and pestle and use electronic to measure 10 lots of 0.1 gram of junket powder 2. A series of test tubes were set up each containing 5ml milk in a series of water baths ranged in temp: 10 *C, 25*C, 40*C, 60*C, 90*C. Temp of water baths kept constant and there were 2 test tubes per bath. 3. Test tube in each bath was labelled A or B. 4. Once milk reached same temperature as water bath, by testing with a thermometer, 0.1g of junket powder was added to each. 5. The time taken for the milk to coagulate in each test tube was recorded with a stopwatch and placed in a table. 6. Results were graphed and data analysed 7. Any general trends were noted and a conclusion drawn
113
What was a description of the results from experiment to test the effect of increased temperature on enzyme activity?
The milk coagulated most quickly at 40*C. The rate of activity steadily increased until 40* then dropped suddenly as the temperature continued to increase. After 60*C the milk did not coagulate.
114
How would you describe the curve of the graph for the experiment to test the effect of increased temperature on enzyme activity?
It steadily increased then dropped dramatically after 40*C.
115
In pH experiment for enzyme activity, why would water bath be kept at 37*C?
This is body temperature and rennin, which is found in stomachs of most animals functions optimally at this temperature.
116
what is catalase?
an enzyme found in all living things which require oxygen and increases the rate at which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into oxygen and water.
117
where is hydrogen peroxide produced?
from metabolic reactions. it is toxic in the body and constantly produced
118
qualitative data
info about qualities; information that CAN'T actually be MEASURED. EG. softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes.
119
quantitative data
info about quantities; info that can be measured and written down w. no.s eg. height, shoe size, weight
120
what goes on y axis?
dependent variable, the effect, the researcher can't control the outcome
121
is the colour of the sky qualitative or quantitative?
qualitative
122
what goes on x axis?
independent variable, the cause, what the researcher can directly control
123
Just because a variable includes time does it mean that it is automatically the x variable?
No. Sometimes the amount of time a process takes is the EFFECT of a treatment, and then its the "y" variable.
124
Describe the source to sink mechanism?
1. At source, plant uses active transport to push sugar into the phloem cells2. This increases the conc. sugar in the phloem3. Water from the surrounding cells move into the phloem (via osmosis) creating pressure4. The sap (sugar) then flows from areas of high pressure (source) to areas of low pressure (sink)5. Now that the sugar is at the sink, the pressure forces the sugar and water into surrounding tissues!
125
Distinguish between an endotherm and an ectotherm
Endotherm: use internal metabolic processes to control their body temp eg. mammals and birdsEctotherm: use energy from the environment to regulate their body temperature. eg. fish, reptiles, amphibians
126
Where is a basic and an acid place in the human body and an example of an enzyme for each?
basic: small intestine, pH of about 8, eg. trypsinacidic: stomach, pH of about 2 eg. pepsin
127
what is the mechanism that moves materias in xylem tissue
____mechanism1. Water enters the plant via osmosis in the root hair cell.2. transpiration then causes the water to move up the xylem tube.3. Cohesion between the water molecules causes the water to form a continuous stream, pulling the water up4. Adhesion between the water molecules and the walls of the xylem also help this.
128
What is the function of ADH
controls water reabsorption in the nephronlow blood volume triggers the pituitary gland to release more ADH, causing more water to be reabsorbed from the kidney tubules
129
Where is ADH produced
produced in the hypothalamus, stored in the pituitary gland
130
Where is aldosterone produced
produced and stored in the adrenal gland
131
what is the function of aldosterone
controls the amount of salts/sodium reabsorbedlow blood pressure causes more aldosterone to be released, causing more salt to pass back into the blood
132
Equipment to estimate size of RBC &WBC
1. Light microscope2. Small transparent ruler 3. Prepared slide of blood
133
Safety precaution for estimation of blood cell size
Carry light microscope carefully! It could stoop and damage exposed body parts or break glass components that could cut skin
134
Method for estimating RBC &a WBC step 1. And 2.
1. Set up light microscope2. Place small transparent ruler on stage and focus using low pose objective lens
135
Method for estimating RBC &a WBC step 3.
Use scale on ruler to calculate the field of view using the low pressure objective and use these dimensions to calculate the field of view under high power
136
Method for estimating RBC &a WBC step 4.
Place prepared slide of blood on the stage and and focus using low power them high power objective
137
Method for estimating RBC &a WBC step 5
Use established size of FOV to calculate the size of RBC &a WBC
138
How to estimate the field of viewStep 1.
Move ruler so scale lies across diameter of FOV at lowest magnification (x4 objective lens)
139
How to estimate the field of viewStep 2.
Count how many lines (mm) across diameter. Divide this number by how many times the lowest magnification was multiplied to get to the next field of view.
140
Basic equation of cell size
High power Field of view/ estimation of cells that fit across diameter
141
How do you find the total magnification of a microscope
Magnification of objective lens x magnification of eye piece
142
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart
143
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
144
At capillaries what occurs?
So gas exchange:Oxygen from blood into tissuesCO2 from tissues into blood
145
Ringers solution
1883Used as a volume expander(Used today with lactate added)
146
Milk added to blood
1854Was injected, believed to generate WBC
147
Coconut water in blood
1942 Plasma, had side effects
148
When did the development of HBOCs begin?
1950s
149
When did the development of PFCs begin?
1960s
150
In the 1980s what primroses further research into artificial blood?
The discovery that HIV and hepatitis could be transmitted through blood transfusions
151
what is ringer's solution made of?
152
what was used in 1942 as a substitute for blood?
Coconut water in cuba
153
What does the grey mangrove do to regulate salt levels in an estuarine enviro?
grey mangrove
- secretes salt through secretory glands on their lower leaf surfaces.
- salt then crystalises upon evaporation and is washed away by rain or the wind
154
What does the Rhizophora mangrove do to regulate salt levels in an estuarine enviro?
-it concentrates/ salts into its older leaves(tissues) which it then sheds off
155
What are the main features of an estuarine enviro?
region where fresh water meets salt water
