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Biology Revision (Year 12) > communication good > Flashcards

communication good Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 areas are involved in sound interpretation?

A

Broca’s areaWernicke’s area

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2
Q

What is the area involved in vision?

A

Occipital lobe, contains the primary visual cortexlight stimuli is perceived

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3
Q

What is the importance of correct interpretation of sensory singalys by the brain for the coordination of animal behaviour?

A

-signals from the enviro such as light and sound are only meaningful if they can be correctly interpreted by the brain to bring about a coordinated response-poor interpretation of signals will result in a lack of response to stimuli, resulting in countless detrimental issues. (Ability to sense respond to threats, hunt, communicate properly)

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4
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms insects use to detect sound?

A

Tactile bristles-tympanum

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5
Q

What do tactile bristles do?

A

located on the antennae and cuticle of insect (outermost layer, shed off in malting)they respond to low frequency vibrations

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6
Q

What does the tympanum do in insects>

A

cavity filled with air –>covered by an ear drum on the outside and a pressure drum valve on inside.Many nerve fibres are connected to this and directly picl up the vibrations

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7
Q

What are two examples of how insects detect sound?

A

Orthopterans (crickets) have tympanum located beneath kneesButterflies/moths have tympanum at the base of their wings

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8
Q

How do fish detect sound?

A

specialised organs to detect pressure changethey have a lateral line sensory organ

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9
Q

What is a lateral line sensory organ?

A

a pair of sensory canals that run along the side of the animal.

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10
Q

How do lateral line sensory organs detect sound?

A

-changes in water pressure surrounding fish-distorts sensory cells in the canals-sending messages to the connected nerves

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11
Q

How do fresh water fish commonly detect sound?

A

they have a swim bladder (gas filled chamber) that helps bony fish maintain depth in water (thru bouyancy)

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12
Q

How does a swim bladder detect sound?

A

detects pressure changes, passes onto ossicles (Tripus, Schaphium, Claustrum)these ossicles join the swim bladder to the sensory chamber

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13
Q

hearing aid description

A

an electronic device with a microphone & amplifier that that receives and amplifies the sound waves onto the tympanic membrane of the ear.

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14
Q

cochlear implant description

A

an electronic device consisting of an external microphone and speech processor that bypasses the damaged hair cells in the ears cochlea (& organ of Corti), directly stimulating the auditory nerve.

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15
Q

positioning of hearing aid

A

sits in the hollow of ear in pinna directing sound towards the ear canal or worn in a shell behind the ear.

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16
Q

energy transfer of hearing aid

A
  1. receives and converts sound energy to electrical energy through the microphone2. The amplifier boosts the electrical energy/signals 3. Ear phone converts boosted electrical energy back into sound energy (of greater intensity than original sound)
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17
Q

role of microphone in a hearing aid

A

receives and converts sound energy to electrical energy

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18
Q

role of amplifier in a hearing aid

A

boosts the electrical signals from the microphone

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19
Q

role of earphone in a hearing aid

A

converts the boosted electrical signals back to a sound energy of now greater intensity

20
Q

conditions under which hearing aids will assist hearing

A

People with sensorineural hearing loss • Recipient must have some hearing left  Can only amplify sound

21
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

when auditory nerve or hair cells damaged by aging, noise, illness etc Doesn’t assist in nerve deafness caused by damage to inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory centre of the brain

22
Q

As hearing aids can only amplify sound, what is a limitation of this device?

A

recipients must have some hearing left.

23
Q

what can hearing aids greatly improve?

A

comprehension, speech and low frequency discrimination

24
Q

limitations of hearing aids

A

• Limited assistance in high frequency ranges • Amplification  (Loud noises = annoying)• Batteries may run out (BUT most models give adequate warning of dying batteries)• not for nerve deafness

25
Q

major limitation of hearing aids

A
  • don’t cut out background noise (can be adjusted by can’t completely extract it. They amplify all sound not just what people want to hear
26
Q

What happens when brain reintroduces sounds to the impaired ear

A

brain has to adjust to this addition, eventually brain will realise what the sounds are and then be able to block them out.

27
Q

positioning of cochlear implant

A

surgically placed under skin behind the ear and a transmitter attached by a magnet on the outside

28
Q

type of energy transformations in cochlear implant

A

Sound energy –> electrical energy –> radio waves –> electrical signals–> electrochemical

29
Q

external parts of cochlear implant:

A
  • Microphone (detects sound from enviro)
  • Speech processor (selectively filters sound to prioritise audible speech & sends electrical energy through a thin cable to transmitter)
  • Transmitter: a coil held in position by a magnet & transmits processed sound signals as radio waves to the internal device
30
Q

method to model process of accommodation

A
  • Use ray box and double convex lenses of varying thicknesses, paper, ruler and pencil.
  • Pass a triple beam through a lens and plot the path onto the paper, then measuring the distance between the lens and the focal point.
  • Repeat for other lenses.
  • Experimetn with ways of producing light that model light from far and close objects.
31
Q

how long has renal dialysis been available for and what knowledge is this treatment based on?

A

50 yearsbased on understanding of kidney function and osmotic processes in the body.

32
Q

what options are availbale for renal dialysis and what principles does dialysis work on?

A

haemodialysis (filters blood outside of body)and peritnoeal dialysis (operates in body)Based on principles of the diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across a semi-permeable membrance, effectively replacing work done by glomerulus in the nephorn. Nitrogenous wastes (eg urea) diffuse acorsss a concentration graident from a high concentration in the blood to a low concentration in the dialysing solution in canister,Today patients can hve machines at home adn treat themselves with minimla disruption to work and home life.

33
Q

what must occur for an response to a stimulus to be initiated?

A

depolarisation must recah a threshold that is at least 15mV (-55mV) more than the resting potentional (-70mV).Depolarisation occurs below this. It is an all or nothing event

34
Q

what are the 5 sensory receptors we have and how are they conneted to the brain?

A

photorecptors in retina detect light mechanoreceptors and hair cells in organ of corti -sound chemoreceptors in nose and tongue-taste and smell mechanoreceptors in skin-pressure or touch
connected by sensory neurones to brain which is divided into dinstict sensory areas.

35
Q

what is located at the back of the cerebrum directly above the cerebellum?

A

visual cortex

36
Q

what is processed in the underside of the frontal lobe in the cereburm

A

smell

37
Q

what is processed in the temporal lobe?

A

hearing

38
Q

what wave lengths can bees see and what for?

A

200-400nm seeing UV radiation (shorter wave lentghs) as well as green blue light (longer wavelength than UV)

39
Q

What wave lengths can humans see and what part are they sensitive to?

A

380-750nmsensitive to blue-green frequencies of visible spectrum

40
Q

what wave lengths can pitvipers see and what do they use this for?

A

438-850nmeg. rattle snakes use pits to detgect infra red radiation to hunt nocturnally

41
Q

whAT is the result of different organisms having different numbers and types of colour sensisitve cones and wave length sensitivity ranges?

A

they have a different perception/understanding of their environment

42
Q

what vision do mammals tend to have?

A

bi-chromaticwe have 2 types of photorecpetors

43
Q

Predictadifferenceintheloudnessofthesoundineachearifthesound hasawavelengthshorterthanthelengthofthehead.Justifyyouranswer.

A

If the wavelength of the sound is shorter than the length of the head, the ear closer to the source of the sound will detect a louder volume than the ear further away from the source of the sound. This is because the head blocks the path of the sound waves to the ear further away from the sound source.

44
Q

what happens when peole are unable to see/hear?

A

it limits their capacity to communicate, whcih can cause personal distress as well as limit their ability to contribute to society.By overcoming these problems, both individuals and society benefit. When these problems are solved, people can continue to make an economic contribution. Additionally, they will not need carers, which may be costly to the public.

45
Q

what mechanisms do fish have to detect sound?

A
  • lateral line with mehcanoreceptors hair cells in a copula detecting changes in pressure along side of fish
  • inner ear with semi circular canals to detect vibrations from the swim bladder
46
Q

why do the structures of cones vary depending on their location on the retina?

A

they vary in that there are 3 different types containing differing amounts of photopsins. The cones are thinner in shape within the fovea where they are arranged in a hexagonal lattice and are most numerous. As you move away towards the periphery, the cones thicken. They fall away to a constant level of 10-15 degrees and are interspersed with rods. the blind spot has no receptors at all.

47
Q

outline role of rhodopsin in rods

A

rods are numerous around periphery of retina and detect changes in the shade of light. The role of rhodopsin in rods is that it is sensitive to blue-green light. When light hits the rod a change occurs in the shape, activing the rhodpsin molecule to separate into the protein opsin and free retinal part, causingchange in electrical potentioal. This triggers a nerve impulse that passes through to the optic nerve.The rods work in low light levels, enabling the decetion of shape and movement of objects but no colour as they only have the one pigment type.

Biology Revision (Year 12) (9 decks)

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