maintaining a balance 1.2 Flashcards
identify the form(s) in which each of the following is carried mammalian blood: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, salt, lipids, nitrogenous waste and other products of digestion.
- carbon dioxide: enters blood stream via the red blood cells, combines with water and becomes bicarbonate ions, this attaches to the haemogoblin molecule and small percentage is transported in plasma.
- oxygen: carried as oxygenated haemogoblin in red blood cells.
- water: solvent that makes up 90% of the plasma, plasma is 55%
- salts: carried as dissolved ions in the plasma
- lipids: carried with phopholipids and cholesterol in a protein coated package called a chylomicron.
- nitrogenous waste: urea, uric acid and creatinine. dissovled in blood plasma.
- other products: sugars, amino acids and ammonia all transported in the plasma
perform a first hand investigation to demonstrate the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the PH of water
blow in a straw into water with a ph indicator.
carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. this decreases the PH ( increase acidity) of the water.
perform a first hand investigation using the light microscope and prepared slides to gather information to estimate the size of red and white blood cells and draw a scaled diagram of each.
red blood cells approx 7 microns, white blood cells approx 10 microns.
explain the adaptive advantage of haemogoblin
- oxygen not soluble in water thus the presence of haemogoblin in red blood cells allows more oxygen to be carried.
- delivery of oxygen is better
- released oxygen when CO2 levels get high thus oxygen delivered where it is needed.
analyses information from a secondary source to identify the products extracted from donated blood and discuss the uses of these products.
-red blood cells: aids in carrying more oxygen and replaces cells lost flowing significant bleeding.
-platelets concentrate: coagulation of blood, used to treat bleeding caused conditions.
-fresh frozen plasma: contains all coagulation factors and is free from red, white blood cells and platelets used for intimidate clotting effect.
-cryoprecipitate anti-haemophilic factor: clotting protein used to treat disease like hemophilia.
sheet from teacher
compare the structure of arteries, capillaries and veins in relation to their function.
- arteries: thick, muscular walls, no valves present, carries oxygenated blood, blood in arteries are under heavy pressure.
- veins: thin walled, valves are present to prevent back-flow of blood, carries blood back to the heart, carries UN-oxygenated blood, blood is under low pressure.
- capillaries: thin walled, often only one cell thick, carries blood between arteries and veins.
describe the main changes in the chemical composition of the blood as it moves around the body and identify tissue in which these changes occur.
two main systems: pulmonary system and systemic system
- pulmonary system: blood flows from heart to lungs then back to the heart. blood travels in pulmonary artery to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released into alveoli of the lungs. carbon dioxide is released out of the body. oxygen is then picked up and diffuses into the red blood cells via the alveoli. thus via pulmonary carbon dioxide is decreased and oxygen levels increased.
- systemic system: blood flows from heart to the rest of the body, but not lungs. oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body.
outline the needs from oxygen in living cells and explain why removal of carbon dioxide from cells is essential.
- constant supply of oxygen is need for cell function, cells die with lack of oxygen
- carbon dioxide is toxic to cells and lowers the ph of cytoplasm thus makes blood toxic.
- cells need oxygen for respiration: glucose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water + energy.
choose equipment or resources to perform a first- hand investigation to gather first- hand data to draw transverse and longitudinal sections of phloem and xylem tissue.
refer to graph.
what is movement in cells called
movement of materials in phloem is called translocation. materials move both up and down in phloem.
what is cytoplasmic streaming and diffusion of sugar in elements: theory one of material in xylem and phloem
conduction tissue generates the moving force, cytoplasmic streaming is the stirring of nutrients, metabolites, genetic material and organelles. this does occur but due to the movement of the solute not the solvent it alone cannot be responsible for the movement rate of sugars in phloem.
what is translocation (source to sink). thoery two
sugar is made in the leaves, then diffuses from leaves to the phloem, it is then actively transported into the phloem and then water enters the phloem via the xylem due to osmosis, the water and desolated sugar flows alone the phloem cells under pressure to needed areas. translocation ( can travel back and forth)
