MAD Flashcards
Android has a significant market share in the mobile OS market. It’s used
by billions of people worldwide, making it a lucrative platform for developers
to reach a wide audience.
MArket Share
refers to the process of creating software
applications specifically designed to run on
Android-powered devices, such as smartphones
and tablets
Android mobile application development
*Release Date: September 23, 2008
*API Level: 1
*Notable Features:
* Basic smartphone functions like
calling, messaging, and web
browsing.
* Integration with Google services like
Gmail, Google Maps, and Google
Search.
* Support for third-party applications
through the Android Market.
* Limited customization options for
wallpapers and widgets.
Android 1.0
Release Date: February 9, 2009
*API Level: 2
*Notable Features:
* Bug fixes and minor updates.
* Improved Google services integration.
Android 1.1
Release Date: April 27, 2009
*API Level: 3
*Notable Features:
* On-screen keyboard with text
prediction.
* Video recording and playback.
* Widgets for the home screen.
* Copy-paste functionality.
* Bluetooth A2DP support.
Android 1.5 Cupcake
Release Date: September 15, 2009
*API Level: 4
*Notable Features:
* Improved Android Market with
screenshots and app descriptions.
* Voice and text search within the
system.
* Support for different screen sizes
and resolutions.
Android 1.6 Donut
Release Date: October 26, 2009 (2.0)
and January 12, 2010 (2.1)
*API Levels: 5-7
*Notable Features:
* Expanded support for various
screen sizes and resolutions.
* Enhanced camera features like
digital zoom and flash support.
* HTML5 support in the web browser.
* Microsoft Exchange email support.
* Introduction of live wallpapers.
Android 2.0-2.1 Eclair
Release Date: May 20, 2010
*API Level: 8
*Notable Features:
* Improved performance and speed.
* USB and Wi-Fi tethering.
* Adobe Flash support in the web
browser.
* Enhanced Microsoft Exchange support.
* Voice dialing over Bluetooth
Android 2.2 Froyo
Release Date: February 22, 2011 (3.0) and July
15, 2011 (3.2)
*API Levels: 11-13
*Notable Features:
* Specifically designed for tablets
with a tablet-centric user interface.
* Support for multicore processors.
* Improved task-switching and multitasking.
* Hardware acceleration for smoother
graphics.
* Redesigned keyboard and text selection
Android 3.0-3.2 Honey Comb
Release Date: October 18, 2011
*API Level: 14
*Notable Features:
* Unified user interface for smartphones
* and tablets.
* Enhanced multitasking and notifications.
* Face Unlock for device security.
* Introduction of Android Beam for
* NFC-based data sharing.
Android 4.0 Ice cream sandwich
Release Date: December 6, 2010 (2.3) and
February 9, 2011 (2.3.3)
*API Levels: 9-10
*Notable Features:
* Improved user interface with refined icons
and animations.
* Support for Near Field Communication
(NFC).
* Enhanced copy and paste functionality.
* Internet calling (VoIP/SIP) support.
* Native support for front-facing cameras.
Android 2.3 Gingerbread
*Release Date: July 9, 2012 (4.1), November 13,
2012 (4.2), and July 24, 2013 (4.3)
*API Levels: 15-18
*Notable Features:
* Google Now for personalized information
and assistance.
* Expandable notifications with
actionable tasks.
* Gesture-based typing.
* Restricted profiles for tablets.
* Bluetooth Smart (Low Energy) support.
Android 4.1-4.3 Jelly Bean
*Release Date: October 31, 2013
*API Level: 19
*Notable Features:
* Enhanced performance and lower
memory requirements.
* Integration of Google Now as a voiceactivated assistant.
* Immersive mode for full-screen apps.
* Built-in printing support.
* Caller ID and prioritized contact lists.
Android 4.4 kitkat
Release Date: August 22, 2016 (7.0) and
October 4, 2016 (7.1)
*API Levels: 24-25
*Notable Features:
* Multi-window mode for improved
multitasking.
* Improved notification system with direct
reply and bundled notifications.
* Quick Settings customization.
* Daydream VR platform introduced.
* Enhanced data saver mode.
Adnroid 7.0 - 7.1 Nougat
Release Date: November 12, 2014 (5.0) and
March 9, 2015 (5.1)
*API Levels: 21-22
*Notable Features:
* Material Design for a consistent and
visually appealing UI.
* Enhanced notifications with lock screen
notifications and prioritization.
* Battery-saving features with Project Volta.
* ART (Android Runtime) as the default
runtime for improved app performance.
* Multi-user support on tablets.
Adnroid 5.0-5.1 Lollipop
Release Date: October 5, 2015
*API Level: 23
*Notable Features:
* Runtime permissions for users to grant
permissions on-demand.
* Doze mode for improved battery life.
* App standby to reduce battery drain.
* Fingerprint sensor support.
* Native support for USB Type-C.
Android 6.0 marshmallow
*Release Date: August 21, 2017 (8.0) and
December 5, 2017 (8.1)
*API Levels: 26-27
*Notable Features:
* Picture-in-picture mode for video
playback.
* Notification dots for app notifications.
* Autofill framework for easier form filling.
* Project Treble for easier device
updates.
* Improved battery life management.
Android 8.0-8.1 Oreo
Release Date: August 6, 2018
*API Level: 28
*Notable Features:
* Gesture-based navigation system.
* Adaptive Battery and Adaptive Brightness
for smarter power management.
* Slices API for interactive and dynamic
app content.
* Digital Wellbeing features for screen time
tracking and app usage management.
* Enhanced security and privacy controls
Android 9.0 Pie
*Release Date: September 3, 2019
*API Level: 29
*Notable Features:
* System-wide dark mode.
* Enhanced privacy settings and
controls.
* Live Caption for real-time captions for
videos and audio.
* Gesture navigation system as the
default.
* Focus mode for reducing distractions.
Android 10 Q
Release Date: September 8, 2020
*API Level: 30
*Notable Features:
* Conversation notifications for better
communication management.
* Bubbles for multi-tasking with chat
apps.
* One-time permissions for enhanced
user privacy.
* Built-in screen recording.
* 5G support and improved device
control.
Android 11 Red vzelvet
Release Date: 2021
*API Level: 31-32
*Notable Features (features based on prerelease information; actual features may vary):
* Material You design for greater UI
customization.
* Improved performance and battery life.
* Enhanced privacy dashboard.
* Haptic feedback improvements.
* Improved support for foldable devices.
Android 12 Snow cone
a set of libraries written in C/C++ that developers
can use to access device functions and build efficient apps
Libraries
*Release Date: August 2022.
*API Level: 33
*Notable Features (features based on prerelease information; actual features may
vary):
* Opt-in permissions for notifications,
media, and locations.
* Android 13 has per-app language
settings.
* Dynamic Material You icons are
available on third-party apps.
* Android 13 adds a seven-day privacy
dashboard.
Android 13 Tiramisu
providing core system
services such as hardware abstraction, memory management, and process
management
Linux Kernel
provides high-level
services, such as activity management, user interface controls, and content
providers, that developers can leverage to build their apps.
Application Framework
is the runtime environment that executes
Android applications. It compiles app code into native code for improved
performance.
Android Runtime(ART)
represent the UI of an Android app. They manage user
interactions and typically correspond to screens or windows
Activities
background tasks that can run without a user interface.
They perform tasks like handling network requests or playing music in the
background.
Sevices
manage the app’s data and allow data
sharing between apps. They are often used to interact with databases or expose
data to other apps.
COntent Provider
: Android UIs are typically defined using XML files, which
describe the layout and appearance of screens.
XML Layout
listen for system-wide broadcast
messages or intents. They allow apps to respond to events like incoming calls or
battery low warnings
Broadcast receivers
test their apps on various virtual devices with different configurations.
Android Emulator
the primary platform for
distributing Android apps to users. Developers need to follow Google’s
guidelines for app submission.
Google Playstore
are used to
organize the app’s UI into screens and components.
Activities and fragments
are used to
organize the app’s UI into screens and components.
Activities and fragments
Android provides a wide range of UI widgets, such as
buttons, text fields, and image views, that developers can use to build
the app’s interface.
Widgets
designed to support a wide range of devices, from
smartphones and tablets to smart TVs and IoT devices, making it a
versatile platform for both developers and users.
Android Architecture
, the world’s most popular mobile operating system
Android
a crucial component of the Android operating system,
serving as the core layer that interacts directly with the hardware and provides
essential services and functionality.
Linux KErnel
. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware components of
the device (such as the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices) and
the higher-level software layers.
Hardware Abstraction
It controls how memory is allocated to
processes and ensures that one process cannot interfere with the memory
of another.
MEmory MAnagement
It ensures that processes and applications can only access
resources and perform actions for which they have proper permissions.
Security and Permission
s a critical task of the Linux Kernel. It handles the
creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.
Process Management
software components that enable communication
between the Kernel and hardware devices.
Device Driver
features in the Kernel are essential for optimizing
battery life on mobile devices
Power management
The Linux Kernel supports various file systems, including Ext4 (the default for Android), FAT, NTFS, and more. This support is crucial for managing storage devices and file access by applications.
File system support
Android applications often need to communicate with one another
Interprocess Comunication
is a subset of the OpenGL graphics rendering API. It allows
Android to leverage hardware acceleration for 2D and 3D graphics rendering
OpenGL ES
is a lightweight relational database management system. It is integrated into Android as a platform library and provides a structured and efficient way to store and retrieve data for
Android applications.
SQ Lite
the Linux Kernel can be configured to support real-time features in embedded and specialized
systems, where precise timing and predictability are essential
Real Time Features
an open-source web rendering engine.
Webkit
consists of platform libraries and services for handling multimedia content, including audio and video playback, recording, and streaming.
Media Framework
responsible for managing the display subsystem in Android. It enables the composition and rendering of graphical elements on the screen.
Surface Manager
is a C library developed specifically for Android. It provides a subset of the standard C library functions tailored to the needs of the Android platform
Bionic Library
These libraries provide secure communication over the internet by implementing encryption
SSL(Secure Socket Layer)
where application bytecode is compiled
into native code during installation, further enhancing app performance.
AOT (Ahead of time)
compilation approach to convert application bytecode into native machine code at runtime, which improved execution speed
JIT(Just In Time)
s responsible for executing Android applications
Android RUntime
layer sits on top of the lower layers and
provides a rich set of abstractions and services for application development.
Application Frameowrk
Enables data sharing between applications and manages
access to structured data, allowing apps to securely interact with each other’s
data.
Content Provider
Manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a
framework for user interface management, such as handling the creation and
navigation of app screens.
Activity Manager
: Handles non-code resources like images, strings, and
layout files, making it easier for developers to manage app resources.
Resource Manager
Manages and displays notifications to the user,
providing a consistent way for apps to alert users about events or messages.
Notification manager
Manages user interface components such as layouts, views, and
widgets, enabling the creation of visually appealing and interactive user interfaces.
View system
Provides access to location-based services and GPS functionality
for location-aware applications.
Location manager
Manages the installation, update, and removal of applications on
the device, ensuring a secure and organized app ecosystem
Package Manager
: Provides access to telephony-related services for voice and
data communication, facilitating mobile communication apps
Telephony Manager
developed
specifically for a particular operating system,
making full use of its features and capabilities.
NAtive app
essentially mobile
websites that can be accessed through a
browser, but they can also be saved to the home
screen for quick access.
Web App
combine
elements of both native and web
applications.
Hybrid App
web applications
designed to provide a native app-like
experience on the web
Progressive Web App
developed
using frameworks that enable code sharing across
multiple platforms, such as Android and iOS
Cross-Platform App
enable users to
connect through voice, video, and text-based
messaging. They often include features like
voice and video calls, group
Communication app
are designed
primarily for entertainment purposes.
Gaming app
facilitate
communication and interaction among users
Social Media App
offer a wide range
of content for leisure and enjoyment.
Entertainment App
