Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YR 4 OPHTHAL > Macular disease > Flashcards

Macular disease Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What two types of eye disease can be present in patients with diabetes?
A
  1. Diabetic retinopathy
  2. Diabetic maculopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What are the symtpoms of diabetic eye disease?
A
  1. Most patients will be asymptomatic but some mat report painless visual disturbance or loss.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. Name 7 characteristic changes seen on retinal photography of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
A
  1. Microaneurysms
  2. Haemmorhages
  3. Odema
  4. Hard yellow well demarcated exudates
  5. Cotton woll spots
  6. Venous beading
  7. Intra-retinal micro-vascular abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. What are the 4 categories of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy? What are their criteria?
A
  1. Mild: >/= 1 microaneurysm
  2. Moderate: Intraretinal haemmorhage/microaneurysm and/or cotton wool spots, venous beading, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
  3. Severe: Any 1 of: intraretinal haemmorhage in 4 quadrants, venous beading in >/=2 quadrants, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in >/= 1 quadrant
  4. Very severe: >/=2 of criteria for severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What are the three characteritic signs of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
A
  1. Neovascularisation of the disc
  2. Pre-retinal vitreous haemmorhage
  3. Vitreoretinal detraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is the current screening programme for diabetic retinopathy?
A
  1. All patients with diabetes over the age of 12 are invited once per year.
  2. They have visual acuity tested and have photographs taken of their retinas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What is the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (2)?
A
  1. Anti-VEGF intravitreal injections
  2. Laser photocoagulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. What are the two types of retinal vein occlusion?
A
  1. Central and branching retinal vein occlusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the definition of retinal vein occlusion?

A

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an interruption of the normal venous drainage from the retinal tissue. Either the central vein (CRVO) or one of its branches (BRVO) can become occluded. Uncommonly, the occlusion can occur in a vein that drains half of the retina. This is referred to as a hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 5 causes of retinal vein occlusion

A
  1. POAG
  2. HTN
  3. Atherosclerosis
  4. Diabetes
  5. Increased coagulation states
  6. Inflammatory eye disease
  7. OCP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 5 signs of retinal vein occlusion

A
  1. Diffuse haemmorhage
  2. Dilated tortuous veins
  3. Cotton wool spots
  4. Disc swelling
  5. Macular oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. In which age group is central retinal vein occlusion more common?
  2. What is CRVO typically attributed to?
A
  1. Over 55s
  2. Raised intraocular pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Retinal vein occlusions typically lead to …….. reduction in vision

A

Painless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. What are the two types of CRVO?
  2. What sign can be used to distinguish between them?
  3. Whcih results in the greater loss of vision?
A
  1. ischaemic and non-ischaemic
  2. RAPD is present in ischaemic CRVO
  3. Ischaemic CRVO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. What is the treatment of ischameic CRVO?
  2. What is the treatment of non-ischameic CRVO?
A
  1. Intra-vitreal steroids and anti-VEGF. If iris vessels develop (rubreosis) then PRP laser treatment can be applied
  2. None required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In BRVO, patients present with … vision loss or vague blurring. 90% of these visual disturbances occur … and …

A
  1. Painless
  2. Unilaterally
  3. Supertemporally
17
Q
  1. Give 5 causes of BRVO
A
  1. HTN
  2. Arteriosclerosis
  3. Diabetes
  4. Inflammatory eye disease with vasculitis (Behcets)
  5. Increased coagulations state
  6. Oral contraception
18
Q

Name 4 acute clinical features of BRVO?

A
  1. Retinal haemmorhages (dot, blot and flame)
  2. Cotton wool spots
  3. Oedema
  4. Tortuous dilated veins
19
Q
  1. Name 4 features of chronic BRVO
A
  1. Venous sheathing (immune cells wrap around the the vessels)
  2. Exudates
  3. Pigment disturbance
  4. Collateral vessels
20
Q

Retinal vein occlusion can lead to CMO. What is this?

A

Cystoid macula oedema.

Retinal thickening of the macula due to a disruption of the normal blood-retinal barrier; this causes leakage from the perifoveal retinal capillaries and accumulation of the fluid within the intracellular spaces of retina

21
Q
  1. What is the window of opportunity for central retinal artery occlusion?
  2. Is CRAO painful?
  3. Can it lead to complete vision loss?
  4. What are the symptoms of CRAO?
  5. What are the signs of CRAO(5)?
  6. What is the most important disease to rule out in acute CRAO?
  7. What will OCT show in chronic CRAO?
  8. What is the treatment for CRAO?
A
  1. 100 minutes
  2. No
  3. Yes
  4. Sudden, painless unilateral vision loss
  5. White swollen retina with a cherry red spot at the macula, arteriolar attenuation and cattle trucking, RAPD, visible emboli
  6. GCA
  7. Inner retinal atrophy with outer retinal preservation
  8. Lower IOP with 500mg IV acetazolamide, ocular massage and Anterior Chamber paracentesis
22
Q
  1. What is the cause of most branched retinal artery occlusions?
  2. What are the symptoms of BRAO?
  3. What are the signs of BRAO?
  4. What is the treatment of BRAO?
A
  1. Emboli. So always think cholesterol, fibrinoplatelet, calcific and antiphospholipid syndrome
  2. Sectional field defect, painless unilateral vision loss
  3. WHITE swollen retina, branch arteriolar attenuation and cattle trucking
  4. Nothing established as yet
23
Q
  1. What is the pathophysiology of hypertensive retinopathy?
  2. What are the clinical signs of hypertensive retinopathy?
  3. What are the signs and symptoms of accelerated hypertension?
  4. What is the treatment of hypertensive retinopathy?
A
  1. HTN causes sclerosis and narrowing of the arterioles seen both in the retina and more severely in the choroidal circulation.
  2. Retinal arteriolar narrowing, sclerosis ‘nipping’ compression of the venules, cotton wool spots, microaneurysms, flame shaped retinal haemmorhage.
  3. Headache, scotoma, diplopia, retinopathy, chloroidopathy and optic neuropathy
  4. Cautious lowering of BP
24
Q

What are the types of age related macular degeneration?

A
  1. DRY AMD
  2. WET AMD
25
Q
  1. What percentage of AMD is dry?
  2. What is the pathophysiology of dry AMD?
  3. What are the clinical features of dry AMD?
  4. What are the investigations in dry AMD?
  5. What is the treatment of dry AMD?
A
  1. 90%
  2. Reduction in RPE. Atrophy of choriocapillary layer exposing the larger choroidal vessels to view. Thickening of Bruch’s membrane.
  3. Reduction in visual acuity, metamorphosia, scotoma, hard and soft drusen, RPE focal hyperpigmentation
  4. FFA and OCT
  5. Supportive, refraction correction, registration to the blind register, provider amsler grid for metamorphosia monitoring
26
Q
  1. Is wet AMD more or less severe than dry AMD?
  2. What are the clinical features of wet AMD?
  3. What are the investigations into wet AMD?
  4. Which investigation helps distinguish type 1 from type 2 wet AMD? How does it do so?
  5. What is the treatment of wet AMD?
A
  1. More severe
  2. reduced visual acuity, metamorphosia, scotoma, sub retinal/RPE haemorrhage, cystoid macular oedema
  3. FFA and OCT
  4. OCT. TYPE 2 wet AMD CNV is sub-retinal. Type 1 wet AMD CNV is sub-RPE
  5. Anti-VEGF, PDT, laser photocoagulation
27
Q
  1. Are the majority of cases of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy caused by arterial or non-arterial events?
A
  • Non-arterial 95%
28
Q
  1. What is the pathophysiology of non-arteritic AION?
  2. What are the risk factors for developing nonarteritic AION?
  3. What are the clinical features of non-arteritic AION?
A
  1. Perfusion insifficiency in the short posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to infarction of the of the retrolaminar portion of the disc.
  2. Diabetes, atherosclerosis, disc morphology, HTN, hyperlipidaemia, hypotension
  3. Decreased visual acuity

YR 4 OPHTHAL (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions