Common red eye

Question 1

Posterior blepharitis refers to inflammation of the _______glands

Answer 1

1. meibomian

Question 2

What are the two causes of anterior blepharitis?

Answer 2

1. Bacteria (usually staphylococci) — staphylococcal blepharitis.
2. Seborrhoeic dermatitis — seborrhoeic blepharitis

Question 3

What is an ectropion?

Answer 3

Eversion of the lower lid, commonly in older people, meaning that the tear film is not held on the eye causing it to dry out

Question 4

How is ectropion managed?

Answer 4

This is treated with a Lateral Tarsal Strip Operation and lubricating eye drops.

Question 5

What is an entropion?

Answer 5

In turning of the lower lid, causing the eyelashes to rub on the eye and cause irritation

Question 6

What is the management of entropion?

Answer 6

Botox or insertion of sutures

Question 7

What is the management herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

Answer 7

1. Early treatment with acyclovir
2. Patients with uveitis or keratitis require topical corticosteroids
3. The pupil should be dilated with atropine 1% or scopolamine 0.25% 1 drop tid.
4. Intraocular pressure must be monitored and treated if it rises significantly above normal values.

Question 8

What is the management of viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 8

Reassurance and if necessary lubricating eye drops

Question 9

What is the management of bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 9

Chloramphenicol eyedrops

Question 10

What is the management of allergic conjunctivitis?

Answer 10

Sodium chromoglycate eyedrops

Question 11

What is the management of corneal abrasion?

Answer 11

1. prophylactic topical abx
2. cycloplegics
3. eye patching to reduce risk of infection

Question 12

What two imaging modalities should be utilised in corneal foreign body?

Answer 12

ocular USS

x-ray

Question 13

What is the manageemnt of corneal foreign body?

Answer 13

Following Broad-spectrum ABx prescription and eye-patching there should be referral to ophthalmology.

Question 14

What is the investigation for keratitis?

Answer 14

Corneal scrape for bacteria culture in bacterial keratitis

Question 15

What is the management of bacterial keratitis?

Answer 15

hourly topical ABx (usually dual-therapy with Cefuroxime + Ofloxacin) for 3d + Cycloplegics

Question 16

What is the management of viral keratitis?

Answer 16

Antiviral Ointment + Pupil dilation. CI = Steroids as they may lead to global ulceration and bacterial infection

Question 17

what is the stamp mnemonic for management of acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 17

• Supine positioning
• Timolol eye drops
• Acetazolamide
• Mannitol
• Pilocarpine eye drops

Question 18

What are the investigations in acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 18

Measurement of ocular pressure with Goldmann Applanation Tonometry ± Gonioscopy to show the angle is closed

Question 19

What is the surgical management of acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 19

YAG laser Iridotomy or Surgical Iridectomy can be used to create a drainage outflow from the Posterior → Anterior chamber

Question 20

What is the management of non-infectious uveitis?

Answer 20

For non-infectious uveitis, oral or topical corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and prevent adhesions in the eye. A cycloplegic-mydriatic drug (for example cyclopentolate 1%) is also given to paralyse the ciliary body.

Question 21

What is the management of scleritis?

Answer 21

Systemic corticosteroids