Macronutrients Flashcards
carbohydrates, protein,
and fats
macronutrients
necessary for building the tissues in your
body including all of the muscles, organs, skin and the
parts of the immune system
protein
include sugar, starch and fiber
Carbohydrates
needed for the membranes that surround all the cells in your body, for normal brain
and nerve function and for signaling hormones
Fats
main source of energy for the
body
Carbohydrates
little molecules made up of one or two sugar units
Simple sugars
In nutrition, the most
basic simple sugar is…
glucose
It is called a monosaccharide, which means “single sugar”
glucose
glucose,
fructose and galactose
single sugars
a term that means “two
sugars”
disaccharides
lactose, sucrose, maltose
disaccharides
lactose
milk sugar
sucrose
table sugar
long chains of the single sugar units
complex carbohydrates
starch, glycogen, cellulose,
complex carbohydrates
They are not
water-soluble and require digestive
enzymes called amylases to break them apart.
starches
energy storage form of
carbohydrates found in plants,
especially in the seeds and roots.
Starch
energy storage form of glucose found in the muscles and livers of animals
Glycogen
structural component of plants
-one of the important components of fiber
Cellulose
It is the main source of fuel for daily activity
glucose
One gram of carbohydrate, whether
it is sugar or starch, contains how many calories?
4 calories
foods that have lots of calories with little or no nutrition
empty calories
necessary for building the
structural components of the human body
Proteins
large molecules made up of several
building blocks called amino acids
proteins
carboxyl group of atoms,
an amine group and a side chain
amino acid molecule
one carbon, two oxygen, and one hydrogen atom
carboxyl group
one nitrogen atom with two
hydrogen atoms
amine group
small chains of amino acids
peptides
nine amino acids that you must get from your
diet
essential amino acids
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic Acid
Cysteine
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
non-essential amino acids
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
essential amino acids
Animal sources of protein such as meat, eggs, and dairy products are ___ proteins
complete proteins
Plant proteins are called “___ proteins.”
incomplete proteins
Severe protein
deficiency is called …
kwashiorkor
refers to ketones that your body makes when protein is used as a fuel
Ketogenic
saturated fats vs unsaturated fats. which is healthy?
unsaturated fats
substance in food that provides a rich texture
and flavor
fats
Fats and oils are made up of individual molecules
called …
fatty acids
Most of the fats in the food you eat are called …
triglycerides
Most trans fats are created artificially by a process called …
hydrogenation
What is the term for a protein that promotes chemical reactions in the body?
A) Hormone
B) Enzyme
C) Antibody
D) Neurotransmitter
E) Peptide
Answer: B) Enzyme
What is the name of the process that turns vegetable oil into a solid substance by adding hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fatty acids?
A) Hydrolysis
B) Hydrogenation
C) Hydration
D) Hydroxylation
E) Hydrophobicity
Answer: B) Hydrogenation
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins that fats provide us with?
A) A, B, C, D
B) A, D, E, K
C) B, C, E, K
D) C, D, F, G
E) D, E, F, K
Answer: B) A, D, E, K
What is the name of the storage form of glucose found in the muscles and livers of animals?
A) Starch
B) Cellulose
C) Glycogen
D) Glucose
E) Sucrose
Answer: C) Glycogen
What are the two types of configurations of hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids?
A) Alpha and beta
B) Cis and trans
C) Left and right
D) Up and down
E) In and out
Answer: B) Cis and trans
What is the term for a carbohydrate that is made up of many glucose units linked together?
A) Starch
B) Sucrose
C) Fructose
D) Cellulose
E) Glycogen
Answer: A) Starch
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose in the mouth and the small intestine?
A) Amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Trypsin
D) Lipase
E) Lactase
Answer: A) Amylase
What are the two types of protein sources, based on their amino acid content?
A) Complete and incomplete
B) Essential and non-essential
C) Animal and plant
D) Saturated and unsaturated
E) Simple and complex
Answer: A) Complete and incomplete
What is the name of the fatty acid that has two or more double bonds in its carbon chain?
A) Saturated
B) Monounsaturated
C) Polyunsaturated
D) Trans
E) Hydrogenated
Answer: C) Polyunsaturated
What is the term for a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body?
A) Hormone
B) Enzyme
C) Antibody
D) Neurotransmitter
E) Peptide
Answer: B) Enzyme
What is the term for a fat that has more than one double bond in its carbon chain and is usually liquid at room temperature?
A) Saturated
B) Monounsaturated
C) Polyunsaturated
D) Trans
E) Hydrogenated
Answer: C) Polyunsaturated
What are the two types of simple sugars that are found in carbohydrates and have different effects on blood sugar levels?
A) Soluble and insoluble
B) Simple and complex
C) Starch and cellulose
D) Glucose and fructose
E) Alpha and beta
Answer: D) Glucose and fructose
