Macromolecules (no Carbohydrates) Flashcards
What are the four types of carbon based macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbon can form into ____ kinds of major compounds in living organisms
four
Carbon can form into what four kinds of major compounds in living organisms?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
Lipids are generally not soluble in water because they are…
hydrophobic (don’t like water)
Lipids are mostly made from what two atoms?
carbon and hydrogen atoms
What are lipids linked by since they are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms?
non-polar covalent bonds
Lipids can be used to store…
long term energy (fats)
Fats are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called…
fatty acids
When a glycerol molecule combines with three fatty acids, they form compounds called…
a triglyceride (or “fat”)
If there is at least one C=C double bond in a fatty acid, it is…
unsaturated
Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one C=C double bond are…
polyunsaturated
If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be…
saturated
Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at what temperature?
room temperature
Proteins are macromolecules that contain…
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins are polymers of molecules called…
amino acids
Different amino acids are strung together through a dehydration reaction making…
peptide bonds
Different amino acids are strung together through a dehydration reaction into chains called…
polypeptides
Different amino acids are strung together through a dehydration reaction into chains according to…
the letter code written in the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
The three letter codes in the RNA correspond to a…
particular amino acid
A bunch of amino acids strung together make a…
protein
The proteins shape determines…
its job
If the protein denatures, it many not…
do its job correctly or at all
What type of proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes?
enzymes
Transport proteins transport substances…
into or out of cells
Nucleic acids contain…
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers assembled from…
individual monomers known as nucleotides
Nucleotides consist of three parts…
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Individual nucleotides can be joined together using…
dehydration reactions
Individual nucleotides can be joined together using dehydration reactions to form what bonds?
covalent bonds
Individual nucleotides can be joined together using dehydration reactions to form covalent bonds which create a…
polynucleotide or nucleic acid
What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleicacid)
RNA is a what type of polymer?
single stranded polymer
DNA is what type of polymer?
double stranded (forming a double helix)
RNA contains the sugar…
ribose
DNA contains the sugar…
deoxyribose (one less oxygen than ribose)
Steps for proteins to amino acids
20 amino acids, then it forms into a chain, then it folds into a shape, the shape then determines the function
What speed up chemical reactions/processes?
enzymes
Cell membrane
protects stuff on the inside since the environment is always changing; needs to maintain homeostasis
What make cell membranes
lipids
Protein functions
maintenance structures; transport things in and out of cells
Nucleic acid funtions
storage device - DNA keeps the info and RNA moves info/messages
RNA is produced from…
DNA
