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Macromolecules Biology > Chemical Reactions & Enzymes > Flashcards

Chemical Reactions & Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into…

A

another set of chemicals

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2
Q

Chemical reactions always involve changes in the _______ that join atoms in compounds

A

chemical bonds

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3
Q

Some chemical reactions occur ____ or ____

A

slowly or quickly

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4
Q

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as…

A

reactants

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5
Q

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as…

A

products

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6
Q

Energy is _________ or _________ whenever chemical bonds form or are broken

A

released or absorbed

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7
Q

Reversing a reaction requires what to be put in?

A

energy

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8
Q

When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor, it is an energy-releasing reaction in which…

A

energy is given off as heat

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9
Q

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur…

A

spontaneously (at any time)

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10
Q

Chemical reactions that absorb energy ______________ a source of energy

A

will not occur without

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11
Q

Sometimes chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously and

A

need energy to get started

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12
Q

Chemists call the the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the…

A

activation energy

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13
Q

The lower the activation energy the ______ it is to start a reaction (since it requires less energy to get started)

A

easier

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14
Q

Chemical reactions contain an…

A

energy barrier (a certain amount of energy needed to get them started)

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15
Q

Some chemical reactions need even MORE help to get started (if their activation energy is too high), made possible by

A

catalysts

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16
Q

A catalyst is a substance that…

A

speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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17
Q

Catalysts work by _________ a reaction’s activation energy

A

lowering

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18
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) created by cellular respiration shuttles chemical energy and drives nearly…

A

all cellular jobs

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19
Q

ATP is composed of…

A

one adenine, one ribose (sugar), and three negatively charged phosphates

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20
Q

The energy in ATP molecule lies in the bonds between what groups?

A

phosphate groups

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21
Q

In order to release energy from ATP the weak, energy rich bonds are broken by _____, making ATP become ADP by losing a phosphate molecule

A

hydrolysis

22
Q

In ATP, the reaction that releases energy is called?

A

exergonic

23
Q

Released energy from an exergonic reaction is used to…

A

drive all the cellular jobs within the cell (chemical work, mechanical work, and transport work)

24
Q

Enzymes are proteins that act as…

A

biological catalysts

25
Q

Enzymes speed up…

A

chemical reactions that take place in cells

26
Q

Enzymes work by _________ the activation energy a reaction needs to get started

A

lowering

27
Q

Lowering the activation energy has a dramatic effect on…

A

how quickly the reaction is completed

28
Q

Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing _______ specific chemical reaction

A

only one

29
Q

Part of an enzyme’s name is derived from the…

A

reaction it catalyzes

30
Q

Enzymes keep getting recycled until…

A

it’s denatured

31
Q

When a substrate binds to its specific enzyme it forms a structure called an…

A

enzyme-substrate complex

32
Q

After the substance binds to an enzyme, the chemical reaction is catalyzed and the substrate is converted into…

A

products and the products are released

33
Q

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react with each other, reducing…

A

the energy needed for the reaction

34
Q

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as…

A

substrates

35
Q

The enzyme and substrates remain bonded together until the reaction is done and the substrates are…

A

converted into products

36
Q

The products of the reaction in an enzyme are released an the enzyme starts…

A

the process all over again

37
Q

Enzymes can be affected by…

A

anything that can change or influence a chemical reaction

38
Q

Enzymes work best at _____ pH levels

A

certain

39
Q

Many enzymes are affected by changes in…

A

temperature

40
Q

Cold temperatures _________ enzymes

A

slow down

41
Q

Too hot temperature change the shape of an enzyme…

A

making it ineffective

42
Q

Cells can regulate the activities of…

A

enzymes

43
Q

Most cells contain proteins that help turn key enzymes…

A

“on” and “off” at critical states in the life of the cell

44
Q

Enzymes play essential roles in…(list four)

A

regulating chemical pathways; making material that cells need; releasing energy; transferring information

45
Q

All enzymes work best within a…

A

particular temperature range

46
Q

The lower the temperature of the enzyme…

A

the slower the enzyme works

47
Q

The higher the temperature of the enzyme…

A

the faster enzymes work (up to a certain point)

48
Q

Above a specific temperature for the enzyme, the enzyme denatures (or changes shape) so it…

A

can’t work as well or not at all

49
Q

substrate concentraion

A

when concentration is low, enzymes take longer to find and break down substrates

50
Q

Enzyme concentration

A

more enzymes means more substrates that can be broken down

51
Q

Inhibitors

A

slow down enzyme activity

Macromolecules Biology (5 decks)

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