Macromolecules

Question 1

Enzymes that make polymers are called

Answer 1

polymerases

Question 2

Polymerization rxns can also be called ____ or ____ rxns

Answer 2

dehydration (synthesis) or condensation

Question 3

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 3

the bond that links 2 AA together

Question 4

How is a peptide bond created between 2 AA?

Answer 4

The OH from the COOH combines with one of the H on the H2N, which then leaves as water, resulting in a bond formation between the C (from the COOH) and the N (from the H2N).

Question 5

AA Synthesis: what functional groups are combined/connected together?

Answer 5

The H2N of the monomer to be added is added to the carboxylic acid side of the other monomer or polymer

Question 6

What types of bonds or interactions distinguish each level of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary?

Answer 6

Primary: refers to the sequence of AA
Secondary: refers to the interactions between backbone atoms i.e. hydrogen bonding can form helices or pleated sheets
Tertiary: refers to the interactions between the side chain atoms (R group atoms) of the AAs in the same polypeptide- inc. van der waals, disulfide bridges, electrostatic interactions, etc.
Quarternary: same interactions as tertiary, but these interactions occur between side chains of different polypeptides

Question 7

Why can proteins interact better with aqueous environment compared to fats?

Answer 7

proteins fold so that the hydrophobic/nonpolar AA are in the center and hydrophilic AA are on the outside.

Question 8

what is the general chemical formula for a carbohydrate

Answer 8

CnH2nOn

Question 9

what’s the chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose?

Answer 9

C6H12O6

Question 10

Ribose and deoxyribose are ___ C sugars

Answer 10

5

Question 11

what 2 monomers make 1) maltose, 2) sucrose, and 3) lactose

Answer 11

1. glucose and glucose
2. glucose and fructose
3. glucose and galactose

Question 12

cell surface markers: different types of cells will have different types of carbohydrates on their cell surface, which makes them ____ from other types of cells.

Answer 12

differentiable

Question 13

A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a ____ at the beginning of the chain

Answer 13

COOH

Question 14

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated FA

Answer 14

saturated = all C are saturated with H (no C=C)
unsaturated = not all C are saturated with H (contains at least one or more C=C)

Question 15

Do saturated or unsaturated FA have more van der waal force interactions between them and why?

Answer 15

saturated have more because they are able to stack better compared to unsaturated (unsaturated hydrocarbon chains are bent because of the C=C)

Question 16

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

Answer 16

3 FA connected to a glycerol molecule (backbone)

Question 17

describe the structure of phospholipids

Answer 17

glycerol backbone with 2 FA and 1 phosphate group, which adds little polarity to the molecule (polar heads form a layer with each other with the nonpolar tails sticking out (or in if referring to a cell membrane)

Question 18

what is a terpene

Answer 18

made of 2 isoprene units

used to synthesize waxes (i.e. earwax), cholesterol, precursor for lipids

Question 19

how many isoprene and terpene units make squalene?

Answer 19

squalene is made of 6 isoprene units, or 3 terpene units

Question 20

what is a terpenoid

Answer 20

a modified terpene by addition of other elements i.e. vit A

Question 21

describe the structure of cholesterol

Answer 21

backbone = 3 6 C rings with a 5 C ring bonded together

makes cell membranes, bile salts, steroid precursor, and vit D precursor

Question 22

Alpha bonds in secondary protein structure is a ___ bond that connects every third AA

Answer 22

Hydrogen

Question 23

Name 3 monosaccharides that are hexoses and 2 that are pentoses

Answer 23

hexoses = glucose, fructose, galactose
pentoses = ribose, deoxyribose

Question 24

Distinguish between the words amphipathic and amphoteric

Answer 24

amphipathic = has both polar and nonpolar aspects
amphoteric = can act as lewis acid or lewis base

Question 25

Squalene is also called a ___terpene

Answer 25

tri

Question 26

what is the covalent bond between 2 sugar molecules called?

Answer 26

glycosidic linkage

Question 27

what is celloboise?

Answer 27

2 glucoses bonded with beta configuration (as compared to sucrose and maltose, which are bonded with alpha configuration)
lactose is also bonded with beta configuration

Question 28

what is an oligosaccaride?

Answer 28

a few carbohydrate monomers bonded together

Question 29

glycogen is a polymer of glucose with _____ linkages

Answer 29

alpha 1,4 (primarily, although alpha 1,6 linkages are also present)

Question 30

why can’t humans digest cellulose?

Answer 30

because it contains beta-glycosidic linkages, which humans cannot break

Question 31

what is polysaccharide hydrolysis?

Answer 31

breakdown of polysaccharides by adding water

Question 32

why are polysaccharides good for energy storage even though polysaccharide hydrolysis is thermodynamically favored?

Answer 32

because polysaccharide hydrolysis doesn’t occur at a significant rate without enzyme catalysts. (If the activation energy of polysaccharide hydrolysis were so low that enzymes were not required for breakdown, the polysaccharides would hydrolyze spontaneously and could not then be used for energy storage.)

Question 33

Lipids: the only significant sphingolipid is sphingomyelin, found in the ___________________

Answer 33

myelin sheaths of neurons

Question 34

Waxes are long-chain fats esterified to long chain __1__ and act as very hydrophobic __2__ barriers

Answer 34

1. alcohols

2. protective

Question 35

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

Answer 35

Vit A, D, E, and K