macromolecules Flashcards
What type of reaction links two monomers together to form polymers?
Dehydration reaction
What pH do stomach enzymes work best at?
pH 2
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Dietary energy, storage energy, plant structure
According to Chargaff’s rules, what is the base composition relationship?
A + G = C + T
What is the tertiary structure of a protein influenced by?
Interactions between R groups
What are the major types of proteins?
- Structural proteins
- Storage proteins
- Contractile proteins
- Transport proteins
- Enzymes
What are examples of polysaccharides?
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
How many calories of energy does 1 gm of fat store?
9 calories
At what temperature can high fevers cause protein denaturation in humans?
Above 104°F
What replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil (U)
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
- A five-carbon sugar
- A phosphate group
- A nitrogen-containing base (A, G, C, T)
What is quaternary structure in proteins?
Made up of 4 polypeptide chains that must fit together to form a functional protein
Example: Hemoglobin.
True or False: Most animal fats are liquid at room temperature.
False
What is the process that reverses a dehydration reaction?
Hydrolysis
What are examples of monosaccharides?
- Glucose
- Fructose
What type of bond links nucleotide monomers?
Covalent bonds (phosphodiester bonds)
These bonds form between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next.
What factors affect protein shape?
Temperature and pH
Unfavorable changes can cause denaturation, leading to loss of shape.
What is a gene?
A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
What is competitive inhibition?
Compounds similar in shape to the substrate compete with the substrate by binding to the active site
Example: Disulfiram (antabuse) used in alcoholism treatment.
What is the primary source of energy from carbohydrates in animals?
ATP
True or False: Most enzymes work best around pH 7.
True
What is the role of enzymes in proteins?
Help chemical reactions
What is the role of chaperonins?
Assist in protein folding from linear to 3D structure.
What are the two types of amino acids?
- Essential amino acids
- Non-essential amino acids
What happens to enzymes at temperatures beyond 60°C?
Denaturation occurs, destroying the 3-D structure of the enzyme.
What are the potential health effects of excessive saturated and trans fats?
Cardiovascular problems
Fill in the blank: RNA is _______ stranded.
single
What structure do two strands of DNA form?
A double helix.
What are examples of disaccharides?
- Lactose
- Sucrose
What pH do intestinal enzymes work best at?
pH 8
What are the four categories of large biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are disulfide bonds?
Covalent bonds linking sulfur of two different cysteine molecules
Disulfide bonds are important in stabilizing protein structure.
What are the storage forms of carbohydrates in animals and plants?
- Animals: Glycogen
- Plants: Starch
What are hydrophobic interactions?
When non-polar R groups are pushed to stay close together
This occurs when polar groups form interactions with one another and is critical to enzyme structure and function.
How many calories of energy does 1 gm of carbohydrate store?
4 calories
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
Fill in the blank: Fats perform essential functions including ______, cushioning, insulation, and membranes.
[energy storage]
What is the ‘lock and key’ model in enzymes?
The specific binding of enzyme to substrate at the active site.
What determines the primary structure of a protein?
The unique sequence of amino acids
What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that act as catalysts, increasing the rate of reaction and lowering the energy of activation.
What are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?
- Alpha helix
- Beta pleated sheets
What happens to tau proteins in Alzheimer’s disease?
They become defective and no longer stabilize microtubules in neurons.
What is the common structure of a phospholipid?
A glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules
What are nucleic acids made from?
Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides.
What is the role of cellulose in plants?
Strength and structural integrity
What are misfolded proteins associated with?
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Mad cow disease
- Parkinson’s disease
- Sickle cell anemia
- Cystic fibrosis
What is the relationship that should be focused on when studying macromolecules?
The relationship between structure & function
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Made up of multiple polypeptide chains that fit together to form a functional protein
