immunity Flashcards
what is immunology?
study of how the body responds to and resists foreign pathogens and other foreign substances
what are pathogens?
a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease
how does smallpox spread?
through respiratory and fomites, caused by variola major virus
what did smallpox do?
nearly eliminated native americans fatality higher in naive populations
what was variolation?
deliberate infection with smallpox, introduced by lady montagu
what were the problems of variolation?
highly variable procedure, fatalities, skin lesions, and patients were infectious
who was benjamin jetsy?
millmaids got mild cowpox and he inculated his wife and children with cowpox and they didnt get smallpox
who is edward jenner?
inoculated james phillips with cowpox and variolated him with smallpox and he didnt contract it inventing vaccination
what is attentuation?
weakening a viable pathogen
what is the lymphatic system?
a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help the body to get rid of toxins, waste, and pathogens
what are nodes?
for immune assessment, drains, removes intersitial fluid from tissues and delivers foreign material
how many nodes do humans have?
500 to 600
what is lymph?
intersitial fluid clear to white fluid, that contains white blood cells and chyle
what is chyle?
proteins and fatty acids
functions of lympatic system?
adaptive response site, nodes, fluid homeostasis, transports fatty acids, transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes
what does a lacteal do?
transports triglycerides and cholesteral
what is the innate line of defense?
fully ready to respond before an invader has been encountered
innate examples?
external, tough outer skin impenetrable to bacteria and viruses, secretions, and membranes covered with hair and mucus. Internal, phagocytic cells, defensive proteins, inflammatory response, and acidic stomach
what is adaptive immunity line of defense?
activated by exposure to specific invaders
example of adaptive immunity?
lymphocytes, b cells antibodies, t cells cell mediated response, and white blood cells
what are the 5 types of white blood cells?
neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils
what is the inflammatory response?
Damaged cells release chemicals that increase blood flow to the injured area and turn the wound red and warm
what happens to the c-reactive protein?
it increases now used as marker for inflammation
what is opsonization?
enhances phagocytosis using complement C3b
what is C3b?
binds target and triggers phagocytosis and chemoattractant
what is humoral immunity?
b cells mature in the bone marrow and secretion of free-floating antibodies into the blood and lymph
what is cell mediated immunity?
t cells which mature in the thymus
where do B cells and T cells go?
eventually make their way to lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs
what are antigens?
are molecules on the surfaces of viruses or foreign cells and elicit a response from a lymphocyte
what are epitopes?
antigenic sites
what are idiotopes?
variable regions outside of the binding regions
what are antibodies made of?
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, each light chain bound to heavy chain by disulfide and heavy chain bound to heavy chain
what is the process of antibody structure?
recombination deletes DNA between randomly selected V segment and J segment, transcription of permanently rearranged functional gene, RNA processing, translation
how many Ab genes are there?
humans can make up to 10^12 different Ab, humans have 10000 of H chains and 200 L chains which only make 2 million different proteins
how is diversity created?
a combination of variable regions in H and L chains
what does the constant heavy region do?
determines class of antibodies
what is clonal selection?
generates b and t cells apporpriate to the invading antigen and is the mechanism that underlies the immune system’s specificity and memory of antigens
what is acquired immunological tolerance?
a type of immunity that develops when a persons immune system responds to a foreign microorganisms/substance, an induced state in which antigens originally regarded as foreign become regarded as self by the immune system
what are cytotoxic t cells?
t cells that kill virally infected cells, identify and find infected body cells through an HLA complex, synthesize perforin proteins which makes holes in the infected cell
what is perforin?
makes holes in infected cells plasma membrane
what can t cells interact with?
a self MHC-Ag complex
what are risk groups for vaccines?
living in close quarters, international travelers, working with infected animals or animal products, military and some civilians
what is autism spectrum disorder?
a group of complex disorders of brain developement, patients communicate, interact, behave, learn differently, rigid repetitive behavior
what is herd immunity?
a means of protecting a community from disease by immunizing a critcal mass of its populace
what is a disease threshold?
minimum number of immune individuals necessary in a population to prevent an outbreak
what is passive immunity?
premade antibodies in another animal/human
what is IgAs?
immunity from mothers milk
what is IgGs?
immunity from mother through placenta to fetus
what is anthrax?
caused by bacillus anthracis, Pasteur treated sheep with attenuated strain challenged vaccinated animals with anthrax
what is rabies?
caused by rabies virus, encephalitis resulting from bites of infected animals
who is joseph meister?
received the first rabies vaccine, first use of an attenuated vaccine
what is polio?
infectious infantile paralysis, spreads through feces, oral route to CNS, develop respiratory non paralytic polio, muscular weakness
treatments for polio?
iron lung, eventual respiratory failure, last iron lung patient died
what is the salks vaccine?
inactivated injected form in 1953
what is the sabins vaccine?
oral attenuated form in 196
what is tetanus toxin?
caused painful contractions of neck and jaw, interference with breathing- death
how is ebola transmitted?
infected animals to humans, human to human
what is a treatment for ebola?
supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids
what is centripetal?
distribution of lesions inwards to trunk
what is centrifugal?
distribution of lesions outwards to soles of feet
what are allergies?
Exaggerated sensitivities to harmless antigens in the environment, mediated by Ig E, results from cross linking of IgE bound to Fc receptors on basophils and mast cells, occur primarily on mucosal surfaces, heavily associated with increased TH2 like cytokines
what is an allergen?
a substance that induces a type 1 hypersensitive reaction
what is the PK reaction?
demonstrated that allergies are mediated by antibodies (allergy test)
what are localized reactions examples?
hay fever, asthma, hives, atopic dermatitis
what are systemic?
anaphylaxis
what are mites?
dermatophagoides, prefer high humidity in bedding and carpets
what are drug based strategies?
block de granulation, block histamine receptors, reduce histamine synthesis
what is hypo sensitization?
inject allergen repeatedly over time, subcutaneous or sublingual introduction of allergen, IgGs against IgE
what is block IgE with monoclonals?
omalizumab, IgG anti IgE
what are erythroblastosis fetalis?
type two hypersensitivity, Rh reaction in fetus
what are autoimmune diseases?
when the immune system improperly turns against the body’s own molecules it can lead to serious autoimmune diseases
examples of autoimmune diseases?
lupus, insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis
what are immunodeficiency diseases?
results from one or more of the components of the immune system are lacking and leave affected people more susceptible infections
what is congenital?
adenosine deaminase
what is acquired?
HIV
what is aids?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, attacks helper t cells and severely impairs humoral and cell mediated immunity
