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Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Is cholesterol a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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2
Q

Are steroids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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3
Q

Is starch a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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4
Q

Is glycogen a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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5
Q

Are enzymes a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Protein

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6
Q

Are saturated fats a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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7
Q

Are polypeptide chains a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Protein

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8
Q

Is glucose a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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9
Q

Are polysaccharides a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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10
Q

Are phospholipids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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11
Q

Is glycerol a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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12
Q

Are monosaccharides a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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13
Q

Is cellulose a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Carbohydrate

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14
Q

Are amino acids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Protein

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15
Q

Are unsaturated fatty acids a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

A

Lipid

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16
Q

What provides long term energy storage for animals?

A

Saturated fats

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17
Q

What provides immediate energy?

A

Glucose

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18
Q

What are sex hormones?

A

Steroids

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19
Q

What provides short term energy storage for plants?

A

Starch

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20
Q

What makes animal and plant structures?

A

Polypeptide chains/protein

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21
Q

What forms the cell membrane of all cells?

A

Phospholipids

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22
Q

What speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy?

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

What is one sugar?

A

Monosaccharide

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24
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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25
Q

What provides long term energy storage for plants?

A

Starch

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26
Q

What is the steroid that makes up part of the cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

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27
Q

What is the 3 carbon “backbone” of a fat?

A

Glycerol

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28
Q

What provides short term energy storage for animals?

A

Glycogen

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29
Q

What is many sugars?

A

Polysaccharides

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30
Q

What forms the cell wall of plant cells?

A

Cellulose

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31
Q

Are almonds mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Protein

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32
Q

Is spinach mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Cellulose

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33
Q

Is beef jerky mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Protein

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34
Q

Is celery mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Cellulose

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35
Q

Are soybeans mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Protein

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36
Q

Are cranberries mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Glucose

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37
Q

Is bacon mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Saturated fat

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38
Q

Are noodles mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Starch

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39
Q

Is orange juice mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Glucose

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40
Q

Is cheese mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Saturated fat

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41
Q

Is wheat mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Starch

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42
Q

Are egg whites mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Protein

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43
Q

Is table sugar mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Glucose

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44
Q

Is popcorn mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Starch

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45
Q

Is lobster mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Protein

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46
Q

Is sesame oil mostly made of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, protein, glucose, starch, or cellulose?

A

Unsaturated fat

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47
Q

Is saturated fat found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Animals

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48
Q

Is protein found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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49
Q

Are amino acids found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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50
Q

Are monosaccharides found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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51
Q

Is cellulose found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Plants

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52
Q

Is glucose found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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53
Q

Are enzymes found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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54
Q

Are polysaccharides found in animals, plants, or both?

A

Both

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55
Q

Is glycogen found in animals, plants, or both?

56
Q

Is starch found in animals, plants, or both?

57
Q

Are phospholipids found in animals, plants, or both?

58
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you needed a quick boost of energy?

A

Monosaccharide

59
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to grow strong nails?

60
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you haven’t eaten in days?

61
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to grow healthy hair?

62
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you had a race tomorrow afternoon?

A

Polysaccharide

63
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you were getting ready for hibernation?

64
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if you wanted to get bigger muscles?

65
Q

Would you eat monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, or proteins if your next meal will be in a weak

66
Q

What is the relationship between glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are structural isomers, and they all have the chemical formula C6H12O6

67
Q

What are the structural differences between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated fats only have single bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon tails and are liquid at room temperature because the kink in the tail from the double bonds between carbon atoms makes them unable to pack together close

68
Q

How are polymers related to monomers?

A

Polymers are made of many monomers which are small, basic, subunits. Monomers form polymers through dehydration synthesis

69
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large organic molecules that make up all living things

70
Q

What atom do all macromolecules contain?

71
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

72
Q

Monomer

A

Small, basic subunits

73
Q

Polymer

A

Larger more complex structures made of monomers

74
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Builds a polymer by linking monomers, does this by removing H2O

75
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks polymers into monomers, does this by adding H2O which breaks bonds

76
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy storage

77
Q

What contains carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and starches

78
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

79
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides and polysaccharides

80
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose and fructose

81
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

Glucose and galactose

82
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

Glucose and glucose

83
Q

What is the chemical formula for sucrose, lactose, and maltose?

84
Q

Glycogen

A

Short term animal energy storage

85
Q

Starch

A

Plant energy storage

86
Q

Cellulose

A

Plant cell walls

87
Q

Chitin

A

Insect or crustacean support, exoskeletons

88
Q

What form do structural support polysaccharides mostly take?

A

Pleat structures

89
Q

What form do excess energy polysaccharides mostly take?

A

Helix structures

90
Q

Digestion

A

A form of hydrolysis that breaks polysaccharides into monosaccharides that are absorbed into the bloodstream

91
Q

Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used first?

A

Cells absorb glucose when blood sugar rises

92
Q

Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used second?

A

They are turned into glycogen and stored in the liver, brain, and muscles

93
Q

Where are monosaccharides in the bloodstream used last?

A

They are turned into fat in the liver

94
Q

How can carbohydrates be consumed?

A

As monosaccharides and polysaccharides

95
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage

96
Q

What contains lipids?

A

Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids

97
Q

What elements are lipids made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

98
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of lipids called?

A

Fatty acids and triglycerides

99
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head

100
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Two layers of phospholipids make the plasma membrane of cells, have selective permeability

101
Q

Saturated fat

A

Only has single bonds in the hydrocarbon tail and is solid at room temperature

102
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Has some double bonds that prevent packing tightly together because of a kink and is liquid at room temperature

103
Q

Are the hydrophobic tails or hydrophilic heads on the inside of the bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic tails

104
Q

Steroid

A

Has a rigid four carbon backbone, necessary for cell membranes and signaling ex. Estrogen, testosterone, and cholesterol

105
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that maintains cell membranes

106
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol and which one is good for you?

A

HGL and LDL, HGL is good for you

107
Q

Why is LDL bad for you?

A

In excess amounts it can separate from blood and block blood vessels causing high blood pressure and heart diseases

108
Q

What is the main function of protein?

A

Controlling the rate of biochemical reactions, regulates cell processes, made bones and muscles, transport substances in and out of cells, help the immune system, movement, aid cell signaling

109
Q

What is protein in?

A

Meat, nuts, and dairy

110
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

111
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

A

Amino acids and polypeptides

112
Q

What is a primary protein structure?

A

A chain of amino acids that defines the type of function of the protein

113
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

An alpha helix or beta sheet made from the interactions of the carbonyl and amine groups of different amino acids

114
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

A polypeptide chain folded into a 3D shape because of R group interactions

115
Q

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

A

Multiple polypeptide chains bound together

116
Q

How many different amino acids and proteins are there?

A

20 amino acids, 1000 proteins

117
Q

What groups make up an amino acid?

A

The amine group (NH2), the carboxyl group (CHO2(carbonyl group is CO)), and the R group

118
Q

What group provides amino acids with their different properties?

A

The R group

119
Q

What can unravel protein and how?

A

Heat, salts, pH changes, and detergents can denature proteins by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold them together

120
Q

What happens when a protein is denatured?

A

It loses its function ex. Sickle cell anemia

121
Q

Protein misfolding diseases

A

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Polyglutamine, Prions, and Amydrophic. They all cause neural degeneration

122
Q

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

Storing and transmitting genetic information and holding the instructions for making proteins

123
Q

What are nucleic acids in?

A

DNA, RNA, no foods because its from your parents

124
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides and nucleic acids

125
Q

What nucleotides is DNA made of?

A

Adenine and Thymine

126
Q

What nucleotides is RNA made of?

A

Adenine and Uracil

127
Q

What groups are nucleic acids made of?

A

Phosphate group, sugar group, and base group

128
Q

What type of monomer is the base group?

A

Amino acid

129
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

130
Q

What does DNA do?

A

It holds all of the genetic information for cells

131
Q

What shape is RNA?

A

Single helix

132
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Control protein synthesis

133
Q

Adenosine triphosphate/ATP

A

Provides usable energy for cells

134
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

A phosphate group breaks off through hydrolysis

135
Q

When do organisms release ATP?

A

Cellular respiration

136
Q

What monomers can be converted to ATP?

A

Amino acids and fatty acids

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