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Biology > macromolecules > Flashcards

macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

electronegativity

A

measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons from another atom

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2
Q

lattice

A

3-D structure of atoms/ ions/ molecules in a crystal

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3
Q

hydrogen bond

A

attraction between hydrogen covalently bonded with electronegative atoms like Oxygen, Fluorine, or Chlorine and another electronegative atom that is different molecule or different parts of same molecule.

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4
Q

hydrogen bond form molecules like water. true /false

A

false, hydrogen bond is not a chemical bond. So, do not form molecules. but stabilize the overall structure of water compound.

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5
Q

sulfhydryl bond

A

stabilize the structure of proteins

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6
Q

strength between ionic, polar and non polar covalent bond

A

polar c. b> nonpolar c. b > ionic b

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7
Q

Cohesion

A

ability of water to stick together like surface tension

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8
Q

what makes water a universal solvent?

A

collective strength of Hydrogen atom keeps ions of other compound apart.

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9
Q

functional group

A

small molecular groups that provide functional properties to molecules

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

water acquiring reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers.

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11
Q

most abundant biological molecule

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

Maltose monosaccharides are?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

monosaccharides are bonded by?

A

Glycosidic bond(covalent bond)

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14
Q

cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide of lant cell wall, polymer of glucose

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15
Q

trans fat

A

rarely occurs in nature, not good for health

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16
Q

sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

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17
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide in animals, fungi and some bacteria

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18
Q

starch

A

storage polysaccharide of plants, polymer of glucose

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19
Q

Amylose

A

simplest form of Starch

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20
Q

Why cellulose cannot be digested by humans?

A

Enzymes cannot hydrolyze beta linkages

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21
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and many fungi

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22
Q

fats

A

a type of lipid, made up of glycerol and fatty acid, hydrophobic

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23
Q

triglycerides

A

type of fat where three fatty acids are joined to glycerol

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24
Q

waxes

A

coating on plants to prevent water loss
structure: alcohol and fatty acid

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25
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic, not true polymers: fats, phospholipids and steroids

26
Q

phosholipids

A

a lipid, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. 2 fatty acids make hydrophobic tails
a phosphate group and its attachment form a hydrophilic head

27
Q

steroids

A

a lipid, characterized by a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

28
Q

cholesterol

A

steroid, created by liver
make other steroids

29
Q

Bad cholesterol

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein): carries cholesterol to our cell and to much LDL can build up layer in our artery walls, causing them to narrow.

30
Q

lipoprotein function

A

to transport proteins

31
Q

Good cholesterol

A

HDL carries excess cholesterol in the blood to liver which breaks down and remove from your body.

32
Q

most biologically diverse molecule?

A

Protein

33
Q

hormonal protein:

A

regulate organism’s activity like insulin

34
Q

proteins are all constructed from? sets of amino acids

A

20

35
Q

secondary structure of protein? and is like this because of ?

A

are coiled called alpha helix or folded called beta pleated, due to hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone

36
Q

why your hair is not straight anymore?

A

disulfide bond formed between Cysteine amino acids of Keratin molecules break

37
Q

quaternary structure examples?

A

when two or more different types of polypeptides form one macromolecule like hemoglobin, collagen

38
Q

receptor protein

A

it prepares cell to give response to stimuli

39
Q

tertiary protein

A

folded like a network, resulted due to interactions between R group like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals, disulfide bonds

40
Q

structural protein

A

support your body like keratin, collagen

41
Q

Amino Acids

A

organic molecules with amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group

42
Q

contractile and motor protein

A

helps in movement like actin, myosin

43
Q

amino acids differ in their properties due to which group

A

R group

44
Q

storage protein

A

stores amino acids like ovalbumin, casein

45
Q

primary structure of protein

A

sequence of a chain of amino acids

46
Q

nucleic acids are polymer of

A

nucleotides

47
Q

amino acids sequence in polypeptide is programmed by

A

gene

48
Q

denaturation

A

the loss of proteins native structure, caused by physical and chemical conditions

49
Q

nitrogen bases of RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine

50
Q

Nucleotides are tied together by:

A

Phosphodiester bond

51
Q

complementary base pair of Adenine

A

Thymine

51
Q

shape of DNA vs RNA

A

DNA always exist as double helix but RNA exists in more variable form

52
Q

prions

A

misfolded proteins

53
Q

prions diseases example

A

mad cow disease

54
Q

nucleotides

A

made up of sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base, store, transmit and help express hereditary information

55
Q

nitrogen bases of DNA

A

A, T, G, C

56
Q

Nucleotide

A

nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate

57
Q

purines

A

A, G

58
Q

nucleoside

A

nitrogenous base and sugar

59
Q

gene expression

A

the process where DNA makes mRNA and then protein

Biology (5 decks)

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