macromolecules Flashcards
electronegativity
measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons from another atom
lattice
3-D structure of atoms/ ions/ molecules in a crystal
hydrogen bond
attraction between hydrogen covalently bonded with electronegative atoms like Oxygen, Fluorine, or Chlorine and another electronegative atom that is different molecule or different parts of same molecule.
hydrogen bond form molecules like water. true /false
false, hydrogen bond is not a chemical bond. So, do not form molecules. but stabilize the overall structure of water compound.
sulfhydryl bond
stabilize the structure of proteins
strength between ionic, polar and non polar covalent bond
polar c. b> nonpolar c. b > ionic b
Cohesion
ability of water to stick together like surface tension
what makes water a universal solvent?
collective strength of Hydrogen atom keeps ions of other compound apart.
functional group
small molecular groups that provide functional properties to molecules
hydrolysis
water acquiring reaction that breaks a polymer into monomers.
most abundant biological molecule
Carbohydrates
Maltose monosaccharides are?
Glucose
monosaccharides are bonded by?
Glycosidic bond(covalent bond)
cellulose
structural polysaccharide of lant cell wall, polymer of glucose
trans fat
rarely occurs in nature, not good for health
sucrose?
glucose and fructose
Glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals, fungi and some bacteria
starch
storage polysaccharide of plants, polymer of glucose
Amylose
simplest form of Starch
Why cellulose cannot be digested by humans?
Enzymes cannot hydrolyze beta linkages
chitin
structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and many fungi
fats
a type of lipid, made up of glycerol and fatty acid, hydrophobic
triglycerides
type of fat where three fatty acids are joined to glycerol
waxes
coating on plants to prevent water loss
structure: alcohol and fatty acid
lipids
hydrophobic, not true polymers: fats, phospholipids and steroids
phosholipids
a lipid, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol. 2 fatty acids make hydrophobic tails
a phosphate group and its attachment form a hydrophilic head
steroids
a lipid, characterized by a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings
cholesterol
steroid, created by liver
make other steroids
Bad cholesterol
LDL (low density lipoprotein): carries cholesterol to our cell and to much LDL can build up layer in our artery walls, causing them to narrow.
lipoprotein function
to transport proteins
Good cholesterol
HDL carries excess cholesterol in the blood to liver which breaks down and remove from your body.
most biologically diverse molecule?
Protein
hormonal protein:
regulate organism’s activity like insulin
proteins are all constructed from? sets of amino acids
20
secondary structure of protein? and is like this because of ?
are coiled called alpha helix or folded called beta pleated, due to hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone
why your hair is not straight anymore?
disulfide bond formed between Cysteine amino acids of Keratin molecules break
quaternary structure examples?
when two or more different types of polypeptides form one macromolecule like hemoglobin, collagen
receptor protein
it prepares cell to give response to stimuli
tertiary protein
folded like a network, resulted due to interactions between R group like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals, disulfide bonds
structural protein
support your body like keratin, collagen
Amino Acids
organic molecules with amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group
contractile and motor protein
helps in movement like actin, myosin
amino acids differ in their properties due to which group
R group
storage protein
stores amino acids like ovalbumin, casein
primary structure of protein
sequence of a chain of amino acids
nucleic acids are polymer of
nucleotides
amino acids sequence in polypeptide is programmed by
gene
denaturation
the loss of proteins native structure, caused by physical and chemical conditions
nitrogen bases of RNA
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
Nucleotides are tied together by:
Phosphodiester bond
complementary base pair of Adenine
Thymine
shape of DNA vs RNA
DNA always exist as double helix but RNA exists in more variable form
prions
misfolded proteins
prions diseases example
mad cow disease
nucleotides
made up of sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base, store, transmit and help express hereditary information
nitrogen bases of DNA
A, T, G, C
Nucleotide
nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate
purines
A, G
nucleoside
nitrogenous base and sugar
gene expression
the process where DNA makes mRNA and then protein
