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cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

~~~
**
```cell

A

structural and functional unit of life and all cells have:
plasma membrane, cytosol, and DNA

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2
Q

why are cells so small?

A

As cells grow, surface area/ volume ratio decreases making it harder for the cell to transport materials. So cells divide to decrease S.A/V ratio.

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3
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are made up
of cell
cell is the basic unit of life
come from pre-existing cell
contain hereditary material,
DNA and pass it to their
offspring

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4
Q

capsule

A

sticky and protective layer found in some bacteria

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5
Q

pili

A

helps to move cells across
surfaces
aids in sexual reproduction

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6
Q

where are proteins formed

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing one large circular DNA molecule.

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8
Q

plasmids

A

not present in many bacterial cells, one circular small DNA, contains additional genes for antibiotic resistance ……
* can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
*transfer to the offspring

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9
Q

Biofilm

A

bacteria, fungi, algae, or protists stay together in a shared secreted layer of polysaccharides and glycoproteins

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10
Q

ribosomes are formed in

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins together

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense region of proteins and nucleic acids

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13
Q

DNA vs Gene

A

overall genetic portion is DNA, and its specific portion is gene which functions for protein synthesis and RNA formation.
Remaining portion is non-coding part.

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14
Q

endomembrane system

A

collection of membranes and organelles like ER, GB, vesicles that work together to modify, package and transport of lipids and proteins

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15
Q

smooth ER and rough ER

A

smooth rough
no ribosomes ribosomes
lipid syn protein syn
detoxify

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16
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane-bound containers that are formed inside the cells when membrane bulges and pinches off
* Peroxisomes
*Lysosomes
*Vacuoles

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17
Q

Golgi bodies

A

modify proteins and lipids and sorted into new vesicles

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18
Q

cytoskeleton:

A

protein filaments and make interconnected system.

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19
Q

motor proteins

A

accessory proteins that move molecules through cell on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.

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20
Q

cell junction in plants

A

plasmodesmata, connect cytoplasm of two cells

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21
Q

tight junction

A

found in animal cell, watertight seal that glue plasma membranes tightly.

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22
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxify harmful substances

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23
Q

Desmosomes

A

intermediate filaments of adjacent cells are connected and ions, molecules flow through it

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24
Q

Gap junction

A

found in animal cell, are tunnels that connect cytoplasm of adjoining animal cell

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25
lysosomes
digest macromolecules, older cell parts, macromolecules
26
adhering junction
fasten cell to one another and to basement membrane
27
kinesin
motor protein
28
dynein arm
motor protein that causes cilia and flagella to beat. found in between the lengths of microtubules.
29
facilitated diffusion
passive transport, gated enzymes change shape when a specific molecule binds to it.
30
Activation energy
minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction
31
cell stores energy by which reaction?
endergonic reaction
32
Active transport
requires energy, moves solute against its concentration gradient
33
microtubules
hollow cylinder made up of tubulin form scaffolding for cell processes
34
sodium potassium pump
active transport, occurs in cell membrane @NOKIA: Na out K in
35
membrane trafficking
exocytosis and endocytosis
36
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis, where larger target particles such as microbes or cellular debris are engulfed by pseudopods, which merge as a vesicle
37
microfilaments
made up of globular protein actin made up the cell cortex
38
passive transport
no energy needed and is entirely driven by concentration gradient
39
how are materials transported in/out of the cell
passive transport, active transport and bulk transport like endocytosis and exocytosis
40
metabolism
All chemical reactions in your body that run your life.
41
entropy
a measure of dispersal of energy in a system the more spread, the higher the entropy
42
second law of thermodynamics
in any energy transfer, the total entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
43
substrate
specific reactant where enzyme acts
44
what affects enzyme activity
temperature, high temp denatures enzymes pH, most enzyme work at pH 6-8 salt levels
45
cofactors
atoms or molecules (other than proteins), tightly bound to enzymes, helps to activate the enzyme.
46
Coenzyme
always organic, loosely bound to enzymes and acts as a carrier of electrons during biochemical reaction.
47
Active site
a pocket in the enzyme where catalysis occurs
48
Allosteric regulation
regulate enzyme by turns up or down enzyme activity by activator or inhibitor molecules binding to an allosteric site.
49
feedback mechanism
mechanism of inhibiting enzyme production by either decreasing or stopping the activity.
50
ETC occurs in
mitochondria, redox reaction
51
Hypotonic
lower solute concentration
52
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate is a nucleotide that carries energy.
53
diffusion
net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.
54
Rate of diffusion depends on
size, temperature, pressure, concentration, charge
55
selective permeability
ability of cell membrane to control which substance to allow and how much like does not allow ions and large polar molecules to transfer between them.
56
Tonicity
relative concentration of fluid in two fluids separated by semipermeable membrane.
57
NADP and NADPH
coenzymes, carries electrons, hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis
57
Isotonic solution
same solute concentration
58
NAD and NAD+
coenzymes, carries electrons during glycolysis in cellular respiration
59
FAD, FADH, FADH2
coenzymes that carry electron during aerobic respiration
60
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
61
hypertonic
higher solute concentration
62
turgor
pressure exerted by fluids (mainly water) against a surrounding structure like cell wall, membrane that resists a change in volume
63
CoA
coenzyme, carries acetyl group during glycolysis
64
Osmotic pressure
pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solutions.

Biology (5 decks)

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