cell organelles Flashcards
~~~
**
```cell
structural and functional unit of life and all cells have:
plasma membrane, cytosol, and DNA
why are cells so small?
As cells grow, surface area/ volume ratio decreases making it harder for the cell to transport materials. So cells divide to decrease S.A/V ratio.
cell theory
all living things are made up
of cell
cell is the basic unit of life
come from pre-existing cell
contain hereditary material,
DNA and pass it to their
offspring
capsule
sticky and protective layer found in some bacteria
pili
helps to move cells across
surfaces
aids in sexual reproduction
where are proteins formed
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing one large circular DNA molecule.
plasmids
not present in many bacterial cells, one circular small DNA, contains additional genes for antibiotic resistance ……
* can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
*transfer to the offspring
Biofilm
bacteria, fungi, algae, or protists stay together in a shared secreted layer of polysaccharides and glycoproteins
ribosomes are formed in
Nucleolus
Chromatin
DNA and proteins together
Nucleolus
Dense region of proteins and nucleic acids
DNA vs Gene
overall genetic portion is DNA, and its specific portion is gene which functions for protein synthesis and RNA formation.
Remaining portion is non-coding part.
endomembrane system
collection of membranes and organelles like ER, GB, vesicles that work together to modify, package and transport of lipids and proteins
smooth ER and rough ER
smooth rough
no ribosomes ribosomes
lipid syn protein syn
detoxify
vesicles
small membrane-bound containers that are formed inside the cells when membrane bulges and pinches off
* Peroxisomes
*Lysosomes
*Vacuoles
Golgi bodies
modify proteins and lipids and sorted into new vesicles
cytoskeleton:
protein filaments and make interconnected system.
motor proteins
accessory proteins that move molecules through cell on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.
cell junction in plants
plasmodesmata, connect cytoplasm of two cells
tight junction
found in animal cell, watertight seal that glue plasma membranes tightly.
peroxisomes
detoxify harmful substances
Desmosomes
intermediate filaments of adjacent cells are connected and ions, molecules flow through it
Gap junction
found in animal cell, are tunnels that connect cytoplasm of adjoining animal cell
lysosomes
digest macromolecules, older cell parts, macromolecules
adhering junction
fasten cell to one another and to basement membrane
kinesin
motor protein
dynein arm
motor protein that causes cilia and flagella to beat. found in between the lengths of microtubules.
facilitated diffusion
passive transport, gated enzymes change shape when a specific molecule binds to it.
Activation energy
minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction
cell stores energy by which reaction?
endergonic reaction
Active transport
requires energy, moves solute against its concentration gradient
microtubules
hollow cylinder made up of tubulin
form scaffolding for cell processes
sodium potassium pump
active transport, occurs in cell membrane
@NOKIA: Na out K in
membrane trafficking
exocytosis and endocytosis
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis, where larger target particles such as microbes or cellular debris are engulfed by pseudopods, which merge as a vesicle
microfilaments
made up of globular protein actin
made up the cell cortex
passive transport
no energy needed and is entirely driven by concentration gradient
how are materials transported in/out of the cell
passive transport, active transport and bulk transport like endocytosis and exocytosis
metabolism
All chemical reactions in your body that run your life.
entropy
a measure of dispersal of energy in a system
the more spread, the higher the entropy
second law of thermodynamics
in any energy transfer, the total entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
substrate
specific reactant where enzyme acts
what affects enzyme activity
temperature, high temp denatures enzymes
pH, most enzyme work at pH 6-8
salt levels
cofactors
atoms or molecules (other than proteins), tightly bound to enzymes, helps to activate the enzyme.
Coenzyme
always organic, loosely bound to enzymes and acts as a carrier of electrons during biochemical reaction.
Active site
a pocket in the enzyme where catalysis occurs
Allosteric regulation
regulate enzyme by turns up or down enzyme activity by activator or inhibitor molecules binding to an allosteric site.
feedback mechanism
mechanism of inhibiting enzyme production by either decreasing or stopping the activity.
ETC occurs in
mitochondria, redox reaction
Hypotonic
lower solute concentration
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate is a nucleotide that carries energy.
diffusion
net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.
Rate of diffusion depends on
size, temperature, pressure, concentration, charge
selective permeability
ability of cell membrane to control which substance to allow and how much like does not allow ions and large polar molecules to transfer between them.
Tonicity
relative concentration of fluid in two fluids separated by semipermeable membrane.
NADP and NADPH
coenzymes, carries electrons, hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis
Isotonic solution
same solute concentration
NAD and NAD+
coenzymes, carries electrons during glycolysis in cellular respiration
FAD, FADH, FADH2
coenzymes that carry electron during aerobic respiration
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
hypertonic
higher solute concentration
turgor
pressure exerted by fluids (mainly water) against a surrounding structure like cell wall, membrane that resists a change in volume
CoA
coenzyme, carries acetyl group during glycolysis
Osmotic pressure
pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solutions.
