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Biology > cell organelles > Flashcards

cell organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

~~~
**
```cell

A

structural and functional unit of life and all cells have:
plasma membrane, cytosol, and DNA

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2
Q

why are cells so small?

A

As cells grow, surface area/ volume ratio decreases making it harder for the cell to transport materials. So cells divide to decrease S.A/V ratio.

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3
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are made up
of cell
cell is the basic unit of life
come from pre-existing cell
contain hereditary material,
DNA and pass it to their
offspring

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4
Q

capsule

A

sticky and protective layer found in some bacteria

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5
Q

pili

A

helps to move cells across
surfaces
aids in sexual reproduction

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6
Q

where are proteins formed

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing one large circular DNA molecule.

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8
Q

plasmids

A

not present in many bacterial cells, one circular small DNA, contains additional genes for antibiotic resistance ……
* can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
*transfer to the offspring

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9
Q

Biofilm

A

bacteria, fungi, algae, or protists stay together in a shared secreted layer of polysaccharides and glycoproteins

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10
Q

ribosomes are formed in

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and proteins together

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense region of proteins and nucleic acids

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13
Q

DNA vs Gene

A

overall genetic portion is DNA, and its specific portion is gene which functions for protein synthesis and RNA formation.
Remaining portion is non-coding part.

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14
Q

endomembrane system

A

collection of membranes and organelles like ER, GB, vesicles that work together to modify, package and transport of lipids and proteins

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15
Q

smooth ER and rough ER

A

smooth rough
no ribosomes ribosomes
lipid syn protein syn
detoxify

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16
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane-bound containers that are formed inside the cells when membrane bulges and pinches off
* Peroxisomes
*Lysosomes
*Vacuoles

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17
Q

Golgi bodies

A

modify proteins and lipids and sorted into new vesicles

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18
Q

cytoskeleton:

A

protein filaments and make interconnected system.

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19
Q

motor proteins

A

accessory proteins that move molecules through cell on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.

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20
Q

cell junction in plants

A

plasmodesmata, connect cytoplasm of two cells

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21
Q

tight junction

A

found in animal cell, watertight seal that glue plasma membranes tightly.

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22
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxify harmful substances

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23
Q

Desmosomes

A

intermediate filaments of adjacent cells are connected and ions, molecules flow through it

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24
Q

Gap junction

A

found in animal cell, are tunnels that connect cytoplasm of adjoining animal cell

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25
Q

lysosomes

A

digest macromolecules, older cell parts, macromolecules

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26
Q

adhering junction

A

fasten cell to one another and to basement membrane

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27
Q

kinesin

A

motor protein

28
Q

dynein arm

A

motor protein that causes cilia and flagella to beat. found in between the lengths of microtubules.

29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport, gated enzymes change shape when a specific molecule binds to it.

30
Q

Activation energy

A

minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction

31
Q

cell stores energy by which reaction?

A

endergonic reaction

32
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy, moves solute against its concentration gradient

33
Q

microtubules

A

hollow cylinder made up of tubulin
form scaffolding for cell processes

34
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

active transport, occurs in cell membrane
@NOKIA: Na out K in

35
Q

membrane trafficking

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

36
Q

phagocytosis

A

a type of endocytosis, where larger target particles such as microbes or cellular debris are engulfed by pseudopods, which merge as a vesicle

37
Q

microfilaments

A

made up of globular protein actin
made up the cell cortex

38
Q

passive transport

A

no energy needed and is entirely driven by concentration gradient

39
Q

how are materials transported in/out of the cell

A

passive transport, active transport and bulk transport like endocytosis and exocytosis

40
Q

metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in your body that run your life.

41
Q

entropy

A

a measure of dispersal of energy in a system
the more spread, the higher the entropy

42
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

in any energy transfer, the total entropy of an isolated system never decreases.

43
Q

substrate

A

specific reactant where enzyme acts

44
Q

what affects enzyme activity

A

temperature, high temp denatures enzymes
pH, most enzyme work at pH 6-8
salt levels

45
Q

cofactors

A

atoms or molecules (other than proteins), tightly bound to enzymes, helps to activate the enzyme.

46
Q

Coenzyme

A

always organic, loosely bound to enzymes and acts as a carrier of electrons during biochemical reaction.

47
Q

Active site

A

a pocket in the enzyme where catalysis occurs

48
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

regulate enzyme by turns up or down enzyme activity by activator or inhibitor molecules binding to an allosteric site.

49
Q

feedback mechanism

A

mechanism of inhibiting enzyme production by either decreasing or stopping the activity.

50
Q

ETC occurs in

A

mitochondria, redox reaction

51
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower solute concentration

52
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate is a nucleotide that carries energy.

53
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.

54
Q

Rate of diffusion depends on

A

size, temperature, pressure, concentration, charge

55
Q

selective permeability

A

ability of cell membrane to control which substance to allow and how much like does not allow ions and large polar molecules to transfer between them.

56
Q

Tonicity

A

relative concentration of fluid in two fluids separated by semipermeable membrane.

57
Q

NADP and NADPH

A

coenzymes, carries electrons, hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis

57
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same solute concentration

58
Q

NAD and NAD+

A

coenzymes, carries electrons during glycolysis in cellular respiration

59
Q

FAD, FADH, FADH2

A

coenzymes that carry electron during aerobic respiration

60
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

61
Q

hypertonic

A

higher solute concentration

62
Q

turgor

A

pressure exerted by fluids (mainly water) against a surrounding structure like cell wall, membrane that resists a change in volume

63
Q

CoA

A

coenzyme, carries acetyl group during glycolysis

64
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure that can stop water from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic solutions.

Biology (5 decks)

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