Macromolecules Flashcards
Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.
Covalent bonds
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
Electronegativity
Molecules having uneven distribution of charges
Polarity
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Ionic bond
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
hydrogen bonds
a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
van der Waals forces
solvent for polar molecules
Water
How to find k
products / reactants
more protons
acidic
more electrons less protons
basic
pka formula
ph - log (-A/HA)
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Carboxyl group
deprotonated carboxylic acid
carboxylate
If the pH of a solution is greater than the pka of a compound, the compound is likely to be…
protonated
having received and containing an additional H+
protonated
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
protein
mediate transport across outer membrane into the cell membrane
beta barrel proteins
chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
fatty acids
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
gel electrophoresis
A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
X-ray crystallography
A method of determining molecular structure that uses the relative position of carbons and hydrogens determined by the relative shielding and spins of electrons observed when a molecule is exposed to a magnetic field
NMR spectroscopy
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
nucleic acids
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
DNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
RNA
group attached to the sugar in dna and rna
Phosphate
A five-carbon sugar present in RNA
Ribose
A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides that is missing an O in the second carbon
Deoxyribose
An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous base
Cytosine and Thymine; single ring
Pyrimidines
Adenine and Guanine (2 rings)
purines
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine
Uracil
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Monomers
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
Nucleotides
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
ATP
two antiparallel strands twist into a double helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases (A-T, G-C) and hydrophobic interactions
DNA secondary structure
double helix forms compact structures by twisting into supercoils or wrapping around proteins
DNA tertiary structure
the protein that the DNA strands winds up around
Histomes
an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA.
polymerase
base pka
9-10 pka
acid pka
pka 4-5
ph<pka
deprotonated
ph>pka
protonated
Bonds that missmatched base pairs form
stacking interactions
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms that is positively charged
amino-grouo
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
peptide bond
4-10 amino acids joined together
oligopeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
polypeptide
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
protein secondary structure
Three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups.
protein tertiary structure
combo of 2 or more polypeptide chains
protein quaternary structure
Broken down simple sugars and polymers that provide energy to our cells
carbohydrates
short term energy, store energy, structural components, carry information
carbohydrates function
single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
Cn(H2O)n
carbohydrate formula
6 carbon sugar
Hexose
5 carbon sugar
pentose
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom at the head of a carbohydrate
carbonyl group
A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (alcohol groups)
hydroxyl group
CHO
aldehyde
RCOR
ketone
glucose on a monosaccarade that is down
a-glucose
The OH group of carbon 1 is above the ring.
b-glucose
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides connected by a glucosidic bond
Disaccharides
the bond found in sugars
glucosidic bond
short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10) that sit on the surface of a cell (blood typing)
Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides that are used for structual support
Polysaccharides
large storage forms of glucose found in plants and animals
starch and glycogen
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many plants
cellulose
Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
chitin
A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid
peptidoglycan
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids
a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal(hydrophobic)
Non-polar
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. They are messengers
steroids
unesterified fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream
glycerol
lipids that are binded to something else
fats
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Phospholipids
A fat that is solid at room temperature and do not have double bonds
saturated fats
A fat that is liquid at room temperature and does have 1 to 4 double bonds
unsaturated fats
Energy-storing molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.
Neutral lipids
A one-unit fat; one fatty acid attached to a glycerol.
monoacylglycerol
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species. (mixture of simple lipids)
Pheromones
have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
Amphiphilic molecules
lipid tails are between phosphate heads creating a barrier
bilayer of phospholipids
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
selectively permeable
proteins associated with but not embedded within the plasma membrane
peripheral membrane proteins
proteins that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane
integral membrane proteins
several alpha helices that associate in an antiparallel manner to form a bundle inside a cell membrane
a-helix bundle
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
facilitated diffusion
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
active transport
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Endocytosis
