Macroevolution: speciation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 species concepts?

A
  1. Ecological
  2. Phylogenetic
  3. Phenetic
  4. Biological
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2
Q

Define the ecological species concept.

A

Individuals that share a niche :use the same resources and occupy the same space

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3
Q

Define the phylogenetic species concept.

A

Members of the same species share a common ancestor

common ancestry provides genetic similarities

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4
Q

Define the phenetic species concept.

A

Group of similar individuals – compare morphology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular genetics

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5
Q

Define the biological species concept.

A

Members of a population that share the same gene pool

-Have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Name the limits of the phylogenetic concept.

A

Not all genes are useful for comparison

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7
Q

Name the limits of the phenetic concept.

A
  • Members of the same species can appear different

- Different species can look alike

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8
Q

Name the limits of the biological concept.

A
  • Not useful for asexually-reproducing species
  • Can’t be applied to extinct species
  • Can’t be applied to geographically isolated species
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9
Q

Describe the general process of speciation.

A

a. Something prevents gene flow between populations
b. Populations accumulate genetic differences
c. Selection for increased reproductive isolation
d. Reproductive isolation develops

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10
Q

What are the types of speciation?

A

Allopatric, sympatric, chromosome

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11
Q

Define allopatric speciation.

A

A geographic barrier blocks gene flow and populations accumulate differences = selection pushes for reproductive isolation

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12
Q

What are the favoring conditions for allopatric speciation?

A
  • small population
  • genetic drift
  • new environment
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13
Q

Define sympatric speciation.

A

Reproductive isolation between species in same geographic area, individuals in small area have different selection pressures= sub-population linked to specific resource + assortative mating

Then isolation pushes for reproductive isolation

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14
Q

What is chromosome speciation and what are the 2 types?

A

Chromosome changes block gene flow

  1. Autopolyploidy
  2. Allopolyploidy
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15
Q

Explain autopolyploidy.

A

2n doubles chromosome # and becomes 4n (2nx2)

  • The 4n is no longer able to breed with 2n (4n x 2n = 3n sterile)
  • 4n is reproductively isolated = new species
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16
Q

Explain allopolyploidy.

A

2 different species combine to for polyploidy hybrid (2n x 2) but 2n are 2 diff species.