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Biology 1 > Darwin and microevolution > Flashcards

Darwin and microevolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 premises of natural selection?

A
  1. Overproduction
  2. Heritable variation exists
  3. Competition
  4. Survivors reproduce
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2
Q

Is Darwin’s principle of evolution, natural selection, random?

A

No it is not random.

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3
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Speciation, common descent (all beings are related to the 1st organism)

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4
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Evolution of populations (because individuals do not evolve)

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5
Q

Define population.

A

All organisms of a species

often used when referring to a local population

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6
Q

Define gene pool.

A

All possible alleles within a population

-all alleles at all loci

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7
Q

How do you know if evolution has occured?

A

A change in allele frequency.

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8
Q

How do you calculate REAL genotype frequencies.

A

Take the real numbers ONLY!!!

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9
Q

Real frequency of homozygous dominant =

A

(number of AA)/(total numbr of individuals)

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10
Q

Real frequency of heterozygotes=

A

(number of Aa)/(total numbr of individuals)

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11
Q

Real frequency of homozygous recessive=

A

(number of aa)/(total numbr of individuals)

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12
Q

Real frequency of dominant allele=

A

(number of A)/(total numbr of alleles)

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13
Q

Real frequency of recessive allele =

A

(number of a)/(total numbr of alleles)

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14
Q

What is p in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Represents the EXPECTED frequency of the dominant allele

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15
Q

What is q in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Represents the EXPECTED frequency of the recessive allele

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16
Q

When will p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

A

When a population is in equilibrium (not evolving)

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17
Q

What is p2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Represents the EXPECTED frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype

18
Q

What is q2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Represents the EXPECTED frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype

19
Q

What is 2pq in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

Represents the EXPECTED frequency of the heterozygous genotype

20
Q

What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?

A

a. random mating
b. no mutations
c. no gene flow
d. large population
e. no selection

21
Q

What is used to determine expected p2, q2 and 2pq?

A

REAL ALLELE frequencies.

22
Q

What are the effects of non-random mating?

A

Does not affect allele frequencies but can change genotype and phenotype frequencies .

23
Q

What are the types of non-random mating?

A
  1. Positive assortative mating: between physically similar individuals
  2. Negative assortative mating: between physically opposite individuals
  3. Inbreeding: between genetically related individuals
24
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of micro-evolution?

A 
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
= mechanisms that CHANGE allele frequencies
25
Q

Describe mutation.

A

Random change to DNA, source of diversity (new alleles), can be unfavorable/harmful/beneficial

26
Q

Describe gene flow.

A

Flow of alleles in and out of the population; migration between local populations, can ↑ genetic variation

27
Q

Describe genetic drift.

A

Effect of chance (random), quick reduction in pop size, ↓ genetic variation

28
Q

Explain the founder effect.

A

A small number of individuals establish (colonize) a new habitat and carry sample of alleles

29
Q

Explain the bottle neck effect.

A

Number of individuals in a population drastically reduced (drastic murder); survival due to chance, survivors unrepresentative of original population

30
Q

Describe natural selection.

A
  • Not random
  • Acts on PHENOTYPE of the organism
  • Interaction w/env.
  • Selected for/against
  • Individuals DO NOT evolve, populations evolve
31
Q

Why does natural selection require variation?

A
  1. To be created: mutations, recombination, sexual reproduction
  2. To be maintained: heterozygosity (hides), heterozygous advantage (fitter), neutral variation
32
Q

Describe fitness.

A 
The ability (of individuals or population) to leave viable offspring – survival does not always guarantee reproductive success.
Determined by an interaction of many genes
Fittest individuals make a greater contribution to the gene pool
33
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

A type of natural selection or non-random mating and a selection for characteristics that increase chances of mating

34
Q

What is the limitation of females in sexual selection?

A

Produce few, large eggs limited by number of eggs they can support (provide food)

35
Q

What is the limitation of males in sexual selection?

A

Produce many, small sperm

imited by access to females

36
Q

Give 3 examples of “males compete, females choose”

A
  1. male-male competition (fighting)
    leads to males larger
  2. male offer nuptial gifts (food) leads to larger size and # of eggs
  3. male displays ornaments and/or courtship behaviors
37
Q

What are the 3 modes of selection?

A
  1. Directional selection
  2. Stabilizing selection
  3. Disruptive selection
38
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Selects phenotypes at one extreme of distribution

39
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Selection for intermediate phenotype

40
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

2 or more extreme phenotypes are favored over intermediate

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