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Biology 1 > Genes and Heredity > Flashcards

Genes and Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define haploid cell.

A

A cell with only one set (1 of each type) of chromosomes (where n = # different chromosomes).

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2
Q

How many molecules of DNA are in a single stranded chromosome?

A

1 molecule of DNA.

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3
Q

How many molecules of DNA are in a double stranded chromosome?

A

2 molecules of DNA.

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4
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Same size, same shape, same genes, but not on the same chromosome (2 different chromosomes).

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5
Q

What is the ploidy level of trisomy?

A

2n+1

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6
Q

Name the possible changes in chromosome structure.

A

Inversion, translocation, deletion, and duplication.

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7
Q

You have 4 different ss chromosomes in 1 cell. What is the ploidy level?

A

1n (1 of each type).

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8
Q

You have 4 different ds chromosomes in 1 cell. What is the ploidy level?

A

1n (1 of each type even if ds).

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9
Q

Name the functions of mitosis.

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction, division to produce new cells. (aging, cancer, immunity)

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10
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

1-Interphase (G1, S-phase, G2), 2-mitosis, 3-cytokinesis.

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11
Q

What is the 1st checkpoint, what does it check for and what does it engage?

A

G1/S checkpoint: checks if cell double in size, growth rate is adequate and presence of growth factors.
-SPF is activated

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12
Q

What does SPF do?

A

The S-phase promoting factor (SPF) initiates the S-phase, DNA replication occurs and SS chromosomes turn into DS chromosomes.

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13
Q

What is the 2nd checkpoint, what does it check for and what does it engage?

A

G2/M checkpoint: checks if the DNA replication was complete and successful, checks the cell mass, the cell contents, the growth rate and the time elapsed.
-MPF is activated

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14
Q

What does MPF do?

A

The mitosis promoting factor (MPF) initiates chromatin condensing into chromosomes, breakdown of the nuclear membrane and the assembly of mitotic spindle.

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15
Q

What is the 3rd checkpoint, what does it check for and what does it engage?

A

The mitotic spindle checkpoint checks is all kinetochores are attached to spindle fibers correctly.
-APC is activated

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16
Q

What does APC do ?

A

The anaphase promoting complex allows chromatids to separate and inactivates MPF so it allows the chromosomes to de-condense and the spindle fibers to breakdown.

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17
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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18
Q

How are genes inherited?

A

In gametes via sexual reproduction.

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19
Q

What is a centriole?

A

A cylinder composed of microtubules.

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20
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Highly condensed area of a chromosome, appears as a constriction.

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21
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Organelle that creates microtubules.

22
Q

Define condensin.

A

Proteins that help chromatin condense into chromosomes.

23
Q

Define histones.

A

Proteins found in chromatin.

24
Q

Define cohesins.

A

Proteins that hold sister chromatids together.

25
Q

True or False: Mitosis only occurs in diploid cells?

A

False, it can occur in any cell.

26
Q

True or False: Centrioles are in all eukaryotic cells?

A

False, there are none in plants.

27
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes are not haploid.

A

True, haploid refers to eukaryotes only.

28
Q

Define meiosis.

A

A type of cell division (sexual) that produces 4 unique haploid cells called gametes. It is composed of 2 sets of division.

29
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  1. Interphase (G1, S-phase, G2)
  2. Meiosis I
  3. Interkinesis (interphase without S-phase)
  4. Meiosis II
  5. Cytokinesis
30
Q

What are the stages meiosis I?

A
  1. Prophase I
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I
31
Q

What are the stages meiosis II?

A
  1. Prophase II
  2. Metaphase II
  3. Anaphase II
  4. Telophase II
32
Q

What are the functions of meiosis?

A

Create haploid gamete (egg and sperm) necessary for sexual reproduction, create genetic variation.

33
Q

How does meiosis create genetic variation?

A
  1. Crossing-over between homologous pairs during Prophase I
  2. Independent assortment of homologues in meiosis I
  3. Random fertilization variation created by sexual reproduction
34
Q

True or False: homologous chromosomes are paired in meiosis, but not in mitosis?

A

True.

35
Q

Mosquitoes n=3. How many ds chromosomes are in each cell in G1?

A
  1. G1 precedes DNA replication so chr are ss.
36
Q

Mosquitoes n=3. How many chromosomes are in Prophase I?

A
  1. Prophase I is diploid.
37
Q

Mosquitoes n=3. How many chromatids are in Prophase I?

A
  1. Diploid and double-stranded.
38
Q

Mosquitoes n=3. How many sets of chromosomes are in a cell in Metaphase I?

A
  1. Diploid so 2 of each types, do 2 sets.
39
Q

Which features are present in Metaphase & Metaphase I?

A

DS chromosomes, homologous chromosomes, spindle fibers, kinetochores and centrosomes.

40
Q

Which features are present in Metaphase I & Metaphase II?

A

DS chromosomes, spindle fibers, kinetochores and centrosomes.

41
Q

During which phase do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

A

In Metaphase & Metaphase II. Not in Metaphase I: tetrads align at the center.

42
Q

During which phase is the ploidy level 2n?

A

G1, G2, Prophase, Prophase I, Metaphase, Metaphase I, Anaphase I & II.

43
Q

During which phase are homologous chromosomes present?

A

G1, G2, Prophase, Prophase I, Metaphase, Metaphase I.

44
Q

Define phenotype.

A

Observable characteristic, appearance (e.g. blue eyes).

45
Q

Define genotype.

A

Combination of alleles and genes (e.g. GG).

46
Q

Define locus.

A

Position/location of a gene on a chromosome/homologues.

47
Q

Define allele.

A

Alternative versions of a gene.

48
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Fully expressed in the heterozygote (capital letter).

49
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Not observable in phenotype of heterozygote (lower case letter).

50
Q

What is a heterozygous?

A

2 different alleles.

51
Q

What is a homozygous?

A

Homozygous dominant: 2 same dominant alleles.

Homozygous recessive: 2 same recessive alleles.

52
Q

What are the probable locations of eye colour alleles on chromosomes of Gg individuals in metaphase?

A

G and g must be on homologous chromosomes. 1 chromosome has G on each chromatid and 1 chromosome has g on each chromatid (because the 2 sister chromatids are identical).

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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