Macro-invertebrates

Question 1

Protostomes/deuterostomes

Answer 1

difference is found in the way embryo develops

Question 2

Porifera (sponges) animals

Answer 2

Metazoans
* Simple structures
* Sessile adults and mobile larvae
* Unique flagellate cells (choanocytes)

Question 3

Cnidaria

Answer 3

*Radial symmetry
* Sessile/mobile
* Diploblastic metazoans (only two types of tissue layers)
* Alternation of sessile polyps and mobile medusae (jellyfish)

Question 4

Platyhelminthes (freshwater)

Answer 4

*Bilateral symmetry
* Free living/parasites
* Unsegmented, generally dorsoventrally flat
* Incomplete digestive system, generally complex (gut absent in some parasitic forms)
* Cephalized (anterior and posterior part), nervous systems
* Hermaphroditic, with complex reproductive
systems.

Question 5

Nematodes

Answer 5

• Bilateral symmetry
• Free living/parasites
• Unsegmented, “round” body
• Hydroskeleton with external cuticle
• Complete digestive system (gut absent in some parasitic forms)
• Cephalized, nervous systems, …
• Hermaphroditic, in some cases gonochoric (or mixed)

Question 6

Annelida

Answer 6

• Bilateral symmetry
• Terrestrial, freshwater, marine
• Segmented
• Hydroskeleton
• Complete digestive system
• Closed circulatory system
• Cephalized, nervous systems,

Question 7

Mollusca e.g Cephalopoda, Gastropoda
Bivalvia

Answer 7

• Bilateral symmetry
• Terrestrial, freshwater,
  marine
• Unsegmented
• Mantle with gland secreting
  calcareous shell/plates
• Complete digestive system
• Open circulatory system
• Cephalized, nervous
  systems, …
• Muscular foot

Question 8

Arthropoda

Answer 8

• Bilateral symmetry
• Terrestrial, freshwater, marine
• Segmented
• Ventrally attached articulated appendixes (one pair per segment)
• Rigid exoskeleton
• Complete digestive system
• Open circulatory system
• Cephalized, nervous systems, …
• Very diverse and abundant
• Mainly gonochoric, direct/indirect/mixed development

Question 9

What are the 4 main arthropodal groups

Answer 9

Crustacea
Myriapoda
Chelicerata
Insecta/Hexapoda

Question 10

crustacea (arthropod)

Answer 10

• Aquatic (terrestrial Isopods)
• Some segments not very obvious, two main body regions
  (cephalothorax + abdomen)
• Cephalic shield/carapax
• Modified limbs (swim, respiration)

Question 11

Myriapoda (chilopoda, diplopoda)

Answer 11

many legs
terrestrial
herbivores/predators

Question 12

chelicerata - arachnida

Answer 12

• Prosoma (with chelicera) and opistosoma (pedipalps)
• Four pairs of walking legs, no antennae
• Specialised chelicera and pedipalps (sensation, locomotion,
  copulation, …)
• Different hunting strategies

Question 13

hexapoda

Answer 13

Body divided in three regions (fused segments)
* Antennae, compound eyes and ocelli
* Very diverse
* Make up majority of described species
* “Six legs” in the adult
* Direct/indirect development

Question 14

What is anything ending in optera

Answer 14

this means wings

Question 15

Echinodermata

Answer 15

• Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sand dollar
• Circular symmetrical (penta-radial)
• Water vascular system for locomotion
• Spikes on skin

Question 16

What are;
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Lepidoptera
Hemiptera
Ephemeroptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Orthoptera
Odonata
Hymenoptera

Answer 16

Porifera=Sponges
Cnidaria=Jellyfish and anemones
Platyhelminthes=flat worms
Lepidoptera=Moths and butterflies
Hemiptera=True bugs
Ephemeroptera=mayflies
Coleoptera=Beetles
Diptera=Flies
Orthoptera=Grasshoppers
Odonata=Dragonflies
Hymenoptera=Wasps and Bees

Question 17

Porifera (sponges) have a unique cell type that they use to form a current of water within themselves, what is the name of this cell?

Answer 17

Choanocytes

Question 18

Which Phylum have specialised defensive/attacking cells, what are these cells called?

Answer 18

cnidarians Cnidocytes that shoot Cynocysts

Question 19

Trematode Fasciola Hepatica is from which Phylum and is known for what?

Answer 19

Platyhelminthes - parasitic life cycle of two hosts between snails and mammals. Causes Fasciola

Question 20

Cestode Tenia sp. is known for what?

Answer 20

A flatworm with parasitic life cycle between humans and cows

Question 21

Which Phylum is useful for gene regulation and apoptosis study?

Answer 21

Nematodes

Question 22

Which worm Phylum has closed circulatory system like us?

Answer 22

Annelida

Question 23

Name 3 Mollusca Classes

Answer 23

Gastropods - slugs and snails
Cephalopoda - octopus and squid
Bivalvia - clams and muscles

Question 24

Define Cephalization

Answer 24

Sense organs and mouth all at one head end

Question 25

What characteristics define the Arthropods: Myriapoda and Chilopoda.

Answer 25

Myriapoda=Many legs
Chilopoda=centipedes Diplopoda: millipedes

Question 26

What characteristics define the Arthropoda: Chelicerata?

Answer 26

Scorpions, Spiders and Opilione

Question 27

Define Prosoma and which Phylum?

Answer 27

Its often seen within Fused head and thorax Arthropoda

Question 28

Define Chelicerata and where might you see them?

Answer 28

Specialised mouth parts (those chunkier parts of a tarantula mouth) Arachnids

Question 29

Define Pedipalps and where might you find them?

Answer 29

Longer appendages of a mouth region. Often next to Chelicerae in arachnids and scorpions.

Question 30

Define Planktotrophic and Lecithotrophic

Answer 30

Planktotrophic=Larvae that feed
Lecithotrophic=Larvae that don’t feed

Question 31

Sponges
Jellyfish and anemones
flat worms
Moths and butterflies
True bugs
mayflies
Beetles
Flies
Grasshoppers
Dragonflies
Wasps and Bees

Answer 31

Porifera=Sponges
Cnidaria=Jellyfish and anemones
Platyhelminthes=flat worms
Lepidoptera=Moths and butterflies
Hemiptera=True bugs
Ephemeroptera=mayflies
Coleoptera=Beetles
Diptera=Flies
Orthoptera=Grasshoppers
Odonata=Dragonflies
Hymenoptera=Wasps and Bees