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NCM 112 > MAAM CHA PART 2 > Flashcards

MAAM CHA PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin.

A

Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin

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2
Q

Example of physical barriers

A
  • Skin: first line of defense
  • Cilia
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
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3
Q

Example of chemical barriers

A
  • Acidic gastric secretion
  • Mucus
  • Enzymes in tears and saliva substances in sebaceous and sweat glands
  • Interferons
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4
Q

Normal values for total WBC and differential in adult males and females

A
  • Total WBC: 4,500-10,000
  • Bands or stabs: 3-5%
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5
Q

Other term for granulocytes

A

polymorphonuclear

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6
Q

Normal values for granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils (or segs): 50-70% relative
    value (2500-7000 absolute value)
  • Eosinophils: 1-3% relative value (100-300 absolute value)
  • Basophils: 0.4%-1% relative value (40- 100 absolute value)
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7
Q

Other term for agranulocytes

A

mononuclear

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8
Q

Normal values for agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes: 25-35% relative value (1700-3500 absolute value)
  • Monocytes: 4-6% relative value (200 - 600 absolute value)
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9
Q

It is where, a WBC above 10,000, is usually due to an increase in one of the five types of white blood cells and is given the name of the cell that shows the primary increase.

A

Leukocytosis

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10
Q

Other term for Neutrophilic leukocytosis

A

neutrophilia

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11
Q

Other term for Lymphocytic leukocytosis

A

lymphocytosis

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12
Q

Other term for Eosinophilic leukocytosis

A

eosinophilia

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13
Q

Other term for Monocytic leukocytosis

A

monocytosis

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14
Q

Other term for Basophilic leukocytosis

A

basophilia

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15
Q

This occurs when the WBC falls below 4,000. Viral infections, overwhelming bacterial infections, and bone marrow disorders.

A

leukopenia

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16
Q

A WBC of less than 500 places the patient at?

A

At risk for a fatal infection

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17
Q

A WBC over 30,000 indicates?

A

It indicates a massive infection or a serious disease such as leukemia

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18
Q

Drugs that may produce leukopenia

A
  • Antimetabolites
  • Barbiturates
  • Antibiotics
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antithyroid drugs
  • Arsenicals
  • Antineoplastics
  • Cardiovascular drugs
  • Diuretics
  • Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Heavy metal intoxication
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19
Q

What are the 3 means of defending self

A
  1. The Phagocytic Immune Response
  2. Humoral Immune Response
    (Antibody Response)
  3. Cellular Immune Response (T lymphocytes)
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20
Q

This is the first line of defense,
primarily involves the WBCs which have the ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agent.

A

The Phagocytic Immune Response

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21
Q

Who are responsible for the production of antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

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22
Q

It is characterized by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.

A

Humoral Immune Response
(Antibody Response)

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23
Q

Who are primarily responsible for
cellular immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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24
Q

This also involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special cytotoxic (or
killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens

A

Cellular Immune Response (T lymphocytes)

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25
Q

The lysis and destruction of cell membranes of body cells or pathogens

A

cytolysis

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26
Q

It is the targeting of the antigen so that it can be easily engulfed and digested by the macrophages and other phagocytic cells.

A

Iosonization

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27
Q

It is the chemical attraction of neutrophils and phagocytic cells to the antigen

A

Chemotaxis

28
Q

The activation of the mast cells and basophils with release of inflammatory mediators that produce smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

A

Anaphylaxis

29
Q

Attacks foreign invaders (antigen) directly initiates inflammatory response

30
Q

It produces antibodies or immunoglobulin

31
Q

It increases activated cytotoxic cells

32
Q

It increases b-cell antibody production

33
Q

Suppresses the immune response

A

Suppressor T

34
Q

Remembers contact with an antigen

35
Q

Lyses cells infected with virus and plays a role in graft rejection

A

Cytotoxic T (killer T)

36
Q

Destroys antigens already coated with antibody

A

Null cells

37
Q

Defends against microorganisms and some types of malignant cells; produces cytokines

A

Natural Killer (NK) (granular lymphocytes)

38
Q

They are a foreign substance or organism, they are proteins or polysaccharides on the cell surface of an invading organism.

39
Q

They are large proteins called immunoglobulins and also promotes the release of vasoactive substances

A

Antibodies

40
Q

It helps clear the body of the invading organisms by facilitating phagocytosis

A

Agglutination

41
Q

Example of antigen

A
  • Virus
  • Follicular dendritic cell
42
Q

Example of antibodies

A
  • Antibodies
    -Immune Complex
43
Q

It usually occurs at the tissue fluid and plasma. It defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins; activates complement

44
Q

It usually occurs at the exocrine gland secretions and defends against bacterial cells and viruses.

45
Q

It occurs at the Plasma and reacts with antigens occurring naturally on some RBC membranes following certain BT, activates complement.

46
Q

It occurs at surface of most B lymphocytes
Major Functions: B cell activates

47
Q

It occurs Exocrine gland secretion and promotes inflammation and allergic reactions.

48
Q

The circulating plasma proteins which are made in the liver and activated when an antibody couples with an antigen

A

Complement System

49
Q

Disorders of the Immune System

A
  1. Hypersensitivity reactions
  2. Autoimmune diseases
  3. Immunologic deficiency syndromes
50
Q

HIV is represented by?

A

Red ribbon

51
Q

When and where was the virus first discovered?

A

1981 and on a monkey/chimpanzee

52
Q

During 1950’s the Virus spreads worldwide with the rise of air travel

A

The Gallo Theory

53
Q

40 years ago there was blood taken from malaria then infected monkeys carrying HIV viruses then volunteer prisoners inoculated with monkey blood

A

The Gliks Theory

54
Q

Where can we find HIV

A
  1. Blood
  2. Seminal fluid
  3. Vaginal secretions
  4. Amniotic fluid
  5. Breast milk
55
Q

HIV transmission

A
  1. Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner
  2. Vertical transmission (from mother to child)
  3. Injection drug use
56
Q

What are the risk of HIV infection?

A
  1. Anal receptive
  2. Anal insertive
  3. Vaginal sex
  4. Oral sex
57
Q

No risk in HIV

A
  1. Masturbating with another person without touching one another
  2. Hugging, massage, dry kissing
  3. Frottage (rubbing genitals with remaining clothed)
  4. Masturbating alone
  5. Abstinence
58
Q

What behaviors can put individuals at greater risk of contracting HIV

A
  1. Not using condom during vaginal or anal sex
  2. Having another STI
  3. Sharing contaminated needles
  4. Abstinence
59
Q

HIV and STD prevention

A

A - abstain
B - be faithful
C - condom use
D - dont do drugs
E - education and early detection

60
Q

What are the warning signs of late-stage
HIV infection?

A
  1. rapid weight loss
  2. dry cough
  3. recurring fever or profuse night sweats
  4. profound and unexplained fatigue
  5. swollen lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
61
Q

Normal T cell count

A

500 to 1,200 cells/mm’ (0.64 to 1.18 x 10%/L)

62
Q

Laboratory tests for HIV

A
  • EIA (enzyme immunoassay) formerly ELIZA Test
  • Western blot assay used to confirm seropositivity when ELA (+)
  • Oral quick rapid HIV antibody test
  • Viral Load Test
63
Q

Treatment for HIV

A

Nucleoside Analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRT’s)
- Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
- Epivir
- Videx
- Ziagen

64
Q

Treatment for HIV

A

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRT’S)
- viramune
- viread
- rescriptor
- sustiva

65
Q

Treatment for HIV

A

Protease Inhibitors
- viracept
- fortovase
- norvir
- crixivan

66
Q

AIDS prevention of transmission in the healthcare setting

A
  1. Maintain standard precautions
  2. Do not recap needles and syringe
  3. Clean up pills of blood and body fluids immediately using germicidal solutions
  4. Consider all body fluids to be contaminated
  5. Avoid contaminating the outside specimen containers during collection
67
Q

Nursing interventions for AIDS/HIV

A

Reduce fear
- Non-judgmental and non prejudicial
anticipate stages of illness
- Counseling service
- Acknowledge reality without false
reassurance
- Explain
- Anticipate feelings of alienation and
isolation

NCM 112 (7 decks)

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