MAAM CHA PART 2 Flashcards
It is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin.
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin
Example of physical barriers
- Skin: first line of defense
- Cilia
- Mucous Membranes
- Coughing
- Sneezing
Example of chemical barriers
- Acidic gastric secretion
- Mucus
- Enzymes in tears and saliva substances in sebaceous and sweat glands
- Interferons
Normal values for total WBC and differential in adult males and females
- Total WBC: 4,500-10,000
- Bands or stabs: 3-5%
Other term for granulocytes
polymorphonuclear
Normal values for granulocytes
- Neutrophils (or segs): 50-70% relative
value (2500-7000 absolute value) - Eosinophils: 1-3% relative value (100-300 absolute value)
- Basophils: 0.4%-1% relative value (40- 100 absolute value)
Other term for agranulocytes
mononuclear
Normal values for agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes: 25-35% relative value (1700-3500 absolute value)
- Monocytes: 4-6% relative value (200 - 600 absolute value)
It is where, a WBC above 10,000, is usually due to an increase in one of the five types of white blood cells and is given the name of the cell that shows the primary increase.
Leukocytosis
Other term for Neutrophilic leukocytosis
neutrophilia
Other term for Lymphocytic leukocytosis
lymphocytosis
Other term for Eosinophilic leukocytosis
eosinophilia
Other term for Monocytic leukocytosis
monocytosis
Other term for Basophilic leukocytosis
basophilia
This occurs when the WBC falls below 4,000. Viral infections, overwhelming bacterial infections, and bone marrow disorders.
leukopenia
A WBC of less than 500 places the patient at?
At risk for a fatal infection
A WBC over 30,000 indicates?
It indicates a massive infection or a serious disease such as leukemia
Drugs that may produce leukopenia
- Antimetabolites
- Barbiturates
- Antibiotics
- Anticonvulsants
- Antithyroid drugs
- Arsenicals
- Antineoplastics
- Cardiovascular drugs
- Diuretics
- Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
- Heavy metal intoxication
What are the 3 means of defending self
- The Phagocytic Immune Response
- Humoral Immune Response
(Antibody Response) - Cellular Immune Response (T lymphocytes)
This is the first line of defense,
primarily involves the WBCs which have the ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agent.
The Phagocytic Immune Response
Who are responsible for the production of antibodies?
B lymphocytes
It is characterized by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.
Humoral Immune Response
(Antibody Response)
Who are primarily responsible for
cellular immunity
T lymphocytes
This also involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special cytotoxic (or
killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens
Cellular Immune Response (T lymphocytes)
The lysis and destruction of cell membranes of body cells or pathogens
cytolysis
It is the targeting of the antigen so that it can be easily engulfed and digested by the macrophages and other phagocytic cells.
Iosonization
It is the chemical attraction of neutrophils and phagocytic cells to the antigen
Chemotaxis
The activation of the mast cells and basophils with release of inflammatory mediators that produce smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability
Anaphylaxis
Attacks foreign invaders (antigen) directly initiates inflammatory response
Helper T4
It produces antibodies or immunoglobulin
B cell
It increases activated cytotoxic cells
Helper T1
It increases b-cell antibody production
Helper T2
Suppresses the immune response
Suppressor T
Remembers contact with an antigen
Memory T
Lyses cells infected with virus and plays a role in graft rejection
Cytotoxic T (killer T)
Destroys antigens already coated with antibody
Null cells
Defends against microorganisms and some types of malignant cells; produces cytokines
Natural Killer (NK) (granular lymphocytes)
They are a foreign substance or organism, they are proteins or polysaccharides on the cell surface of an invading organism.
Antigen
They are large proteins called immunoglobulins and also promotes the release of vasoactive substances
Antibodies
It helps clear the body of the invading organisms by facilitating phagocytosis
Agglutination
Example of antigen
- Virus
- Follicular dendritic cell
Example of antibodies
- Antibodies
-Immune Complex
It usually occurs at the tissue fluid and plasma. It defends against bacterial cells, viruses, and toxins; activates complement
IgG
It usually occurs at the exocrine gland secretions and defends against bacterial cells and viruses.
IgA
It occurs at the Plasma and reacts with antigens occurring naturally on some RBC membranes following certain BT, activates complement.
IgM
It occurs at surface of most B lymphocytes
Major Functions: B cell activates
IgD
It occurs Exocrine gland secretion and promotes inflammation and allergic reactions.
IgE
The circulating plasma proteins which are made in the liver and activated when an antibody couples with an antigen
Complement System
Disorders of the Immune System
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Autoimmune diseases
- Immunologic deficiency syndromes
HIV is represented by?
Red ribbon
When and where was the virus first discovered?
1981 and on a monkey/chimpanzee
During 1950’s the Virus spreads worldwide with the rise of air travel
The Gallo Theory
40 years ago there was blood taken from malaria then infected monkeys carrying HIV viruses then volunteer prisoners inoculated with monkey blood
The Gliks Theory
Where can we find HIV
- Blood
- Seminal fluid
- Vaginal secretions
- Amniotic fluid
- Breast milk
HIV transmission
- Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner
- Vertical transmission (from mother to child)
- Injection drug use
What are the risk of HIV infection?
- Anal receptive
- Anal insertive
- Vaginal sex
- Oral sex
No risk in HIV
- Masturbating with another person without touching one another
- Hugging, massage, dry kissing
- Frottage (rubbing genitals with remaining clothed)
- Masturbating alone
- Abstinence
What behaviors can put individuals at greater risk of contracting HIV
- Not using condom during vaginal or anal sex
- Having another STI
- Sharing contaminated needles
- Abstinence
HIV and STD prevention
A - abstain
B - be faithful
C - condom use
D - dont do drugs
E - education and early detection
What are the warning signs of late-stage
HIV infection?
- rapid weight loss
- dry cough
- recurring fever or profuse night sweats
- profound and unexplained fatigue
- swollen lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
Normal T cell count
500 to 1,200 cells/mm’ (0.64 to 1.18 x 10%/L)
Laboratory tests for HIV
- EIA (enzyme immunoassay) formerly ELIZA Test
- Western blot assay used to confirm seropositivity when ELA (+)
- Oral quick rapid HIV antibody test
- Viral Load Test
Treatment for HIV
Nucleoside Analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRT’s)
- Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
- Epivir
- Videx
- Ziagen
Treatment for HIV
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRT’S)
- viramune
- viread
- rescriptor
- sustiva
Treatment for HIV
Protease Inhibitors
- viracept
- fortovase
- norvir
- crixivan
AIDS prevention of transmission in the healthcare setting
- Maintain standard precautions
- Do not recap needles and syringe
- Clean up pills of blood and body fluids immediately using germicidal solutions
- Consider all body fluids to be contaminated
- Avoid contaminating the outside specimen containers during collection
Nursing interventions for AIDS/HIV
Reduce fear
- Non-judgmental and non prejudicial
anticipate stages of illness
- Counseling service
- Acknowledge reality without false
reassurance
- Explain
- Anticipate feelings of alienation and
isolation