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Biostatistics Lecture > M7 Preventive Medicine > Flashcards

M7 Preventive Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is PUBLIC HEALTH?

A
  • is the science of PROTECTING THE SAFETY
    AND IMPROVING HEALTH COMMUNITIES through
    education, policy-making, research, and injury
    prevention.
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2
Q

What is PREVENTIVE MEDICINE?

A
  • the aim is the absence of disease either by PREVENTING THE OCCURENCE OF DISEASE or
    STOPPING IT, and adverting the resulting complication after its onset.
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3
Q

What is the 10 ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE?

A
  1. monitor health status
  2. diagnose and investigate
  3. inform, educate, and empower
  4. mobilize community partnerships
  5. develop policies and plans
  6. enforce laws and regulations
  7. link people to needed personal health services
  8. assure a competent
  9. evaluate
  10. research
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4
Q

What are the 3 PARTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES?

A
  1. assessment
  2. policy development
  3. assurance
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5
Q

What are UNDER THE ASSESSMENT?

A
  1. monitor health status
  2. diagnose and investigate
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6
Q

What are UNDER THE POLICY DEVELOPMENT?

A
  1. inform, educate, and empower
  2. mobilize community partnerships
  3. develop policies and plans
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7
Q

What are UNDER THE ASSURANCE?

A
  1. enforce laws and regulations
  2. link people to needed personal health services
  3. assure a competent
  4. evaluate
  5. research
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8
Q

What are the LEVELS OF DISEASE PREVENTION?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
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9
Q

What is PRIMARY PREVENTION?

A
  • to STOP THE OCCURRENCE of a disease
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10
Q

What is the KEY CONCEPT OF PRIMARY PREVENTION?

A
  • DISEASE PREVENTION and HEALTH PROMOTION
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11
Q

Examples of PRIMARY PREVENTION:

A
  • vaccination, health education (stop smoking), access to health foods
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12
Q

What are UNDER THE HEALTH PROMOTION IN PRIMARY LEVEL?

A

a. health education
b. case standard of nutrition adjusted to developmental phase of life
c. attention to personality developmental phases of life
d. provision of adequate housing and recreation
e. agreeable working conditions
f. marriage counselling and sex education

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13
Q

What are UNDER THE SPECIFIC PROTECTION IN PRIMARY LEVEL?

A

a. use of specific immunization
b. attention to personal hygiene
c. environmental sanitation
d. protection against occupational hazards
e. protection from accidents
f. use of specific nutrients
g. protection from carcinogens
h. avoidance of allergens

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14
Q

What is SECONDARY PREVENTION?

A
  • TREAT DISEASE EARLY (after disease has occurred but before the person may know anything is wrong)
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15
Q

What is the KEY CONCEPT OF SECONDARY PREVENTION?

A
  • DIAGNOSIS and CURE
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16
Q

Examples of SECONDARY PREVENTION:

A
  • routine screenings for disease, (mammograms, PAP tests mantoux test) early detection tests, self exams, access to regular care, annual medical exam
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17
Q

What are under the EARLY DIAGNOSIS and PROMPT TREATMENT OF SECONDARY LEVEL?

A

a. periodic health examination
b. case finding measures
c. screening survey
d. prevention of the spread of communicable
diseases
e. prevention of complications and sequelae

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18
Q

What are under the DISABILITY AND LIMITATION of SECONDARY LEVEL?

A

a. prompt and adequate treatment
b. provision of facilities to limit disability and
to prevent death.

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19
Q

What is TERTIARY PREVENTION?

A
  • seeks to LESSEN THE IMPACT OF DISEASE on patient function, longevity, and quality of life
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20
Q

What is the KEY CONCEPT OF TERTIARY PREVENTION?

A
  • REHABILITATION, HEALTH RESTORATION and PALLIATIVE CARE
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21
Q

What are EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY PREVENTION?

A
  • emergency response time, chemotherapy, pain relieving drugs, support groups for drug addicts, comfort care for terminally ill patient
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22
Q

What is CHAIN OF INFECTION?

A
  • is a process of infection that begins when an agent leave its reservoir through portal of exit & is conveyed by mode of transmission then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.
  • chain of infection is a process in which a FAVORABLE CONDITION IS REQUIRED FOR MICROORGANISM TO SPREAD or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host
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23
Q

What are the CHAIN OF INFECTION?

A
  1. mode of transmission
  2. portal of entry
  3. susceptible host
  4. pathogen
  5. reservoir
  6. portal of exit
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24
Q

What is the MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • vectors
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25
Q

What is the PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  • mouth
  • nose
  • eyes
  • cuts in the skin
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26
Q

What is the SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?

A
  • elderly
  • infants
  • immunocompromised
  • ANYONE!
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27
Q

What is the PATHOGEN?

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • virus
  • parasites
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28
Q

What is the RESERVOIR?

A
  • people
  • animals
  • soil
  • food
  • water
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29
Q

What is the PORTAL OF EXIT?

A
  • coughing/sneezing
  • bodily secretions
  • feces
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30
Q

What are the CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION?

A
  1. local infection
  2. focal infection
  3. systematic or general infection
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31
Q

What is the LOCAL INFECTION?

A
  • when the MICROORGANISM ARE CONFINED IN ONE ARE, as in a WOUND
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32
Q

What is the FOCAL INFECTION?

A

– when the microorganism are confined to one area, which may serve as a SOURCE FOR further DISSEMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS to OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

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33
Q

What is the SYSTEMATIC or GENERAL INFECTION?

A

– when there is a GENERAL INVASION
and the ENTIRE BODY seems to be affected:

a. bacteria
b. septicemia
c. pyemia
d. sapremia
e. toxemia

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34
Q

What are the INFECTIOUS AGENT?

A
  1. protozoa - SINGLE CELL parasites
  2. metazoa - MULTI-CELLULAR parasites
  3. fungi - UNICELLULAR structure belonging to the yeast phase
  4. bacteria
  5. rickettsia
  6. viruses
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35
Q

What are the RESERVOIR?

A
  1. human carrier

a. incubatory carrier
b. convalescent carrier
c. chronic carrier

  1. animals
  2. environment
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36
Q

What is PORTAL OF EXIT?

A
  • refers to ANY ROUTE THAT THE PATHOGEN CAN LEAVE THE RESERVOIR.
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37
Q

In humans, THE MAIN PORTAL OF EXITS are:

A
  • alimentary: vomiting, diarrhea, saliva
  • genitourinary: sexual contact, urine
  • respiratory: secretions from coughing, sneezing, or talking
  • skin: open wound, arthropod bites
  • transplacental: mother to fetus
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38
Q

What are UNDER THE MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  1. direct contact
  2. droplet transmission
  3. blood-borne
  4. airborne transmission
  5. vector transmission
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39
Q

What is DIRECT CONTACT IN MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • it is considered PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT, but may also refer to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms
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40
Q

What is EXAMPLES OF DIRECT CONTACT?

A
  • skin to skin contact (touching)
  • kissing
  • sexual contact
  • contact with oral scretions
  • contact with body lesions
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41
Q

What are the PATHOGENS THAT ARE SPREAD BY DIRECT CONTACT?

A
  • gonorrhea
  • mononucleosis
  • bacterial conjuctivitis
  • COVID-19
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42
Q

What is DROPLET TRANSMISSION IN MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • occurs when a DROPLET FROM COUGHING, SNEEZING, OR TALKING carry the pathogen to the host of body.
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43
Q

DROPLET TRANSMISSION IS COMPLETED THRU:

A
  • inhaling droplets
  • droplets entering the mucous membranes of the face
  • a host touching droplets that have settled on surfaces and then touching their face (mouth, eyes, nose)
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44
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF ILLNESSES CAUSED BY DROPLET TRANSMISSION?

A
  • strep throat
  • influenza
  • the common cold
  • COVID-19
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45
Q

What is BLOOD-BORNE IN MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • pathogens are TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY THROUGH BLOOD. they require that infected blood from the reservoir be directly exposed to the blood of the susceptible host.
46
Q

BLOODBORNE CAN BE TRANSMITTED TO:

A
  • blood from needlestick
  • blood entering mucous membrane
  • open wound
47
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN?

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
  • Hepatitis B Virus
  • Hepatitis C Virus
48
Q

What is AIRBORNE IN MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • occurs when pathogens smaller than five microns in size remain suspended in the AIR long after the infected person has left the area.
49
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF AIRBORNE ILLNESSES?

A
  • measles (remains in the air up to 18 hrs)
  • tuberculosis (up to 6 hrs)
50
Q

What is the VECTOR IN MODE OF TRANSMISSION?

A
  • UTILIZES INSECTS TO TRANSPORT THE PATHOGEN. insects such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitos are unharmed by the pathogens they potentially carry but can transmit the bacteria or virus when they bite a host.
51
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF VECTOR TRANSMISSION?

A
  • mosquito: west nile virus
  • fleas: bubonic plague (yersinia pestis)
  • ticks: lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi)
52
Q

What is PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  • ANY ROUTE THAT A PATHOGEN USES TO ENTER THE BODY (host). Often, infectious agents use the same portal to entry a new host that they used to exit the source host.
53
Q

What are the EXAMPLES OF PORTAL OF ENTRY?

A
  • inhalation (via respiratory tract)
  • absorption (via mucous membranes such as the eyes)
  • ingestion (via gastrointestinal tract)
  • inoculation (result of an inoculation injury)
  • introduction (via the insertion of medical devices)
54
Q

What is the GENERAL FACTORS OF RESISTANCE IN SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?

A

a. intact skin
b. cough reflex
c. gastric juice
d. diarrhea
e. normal bacteria flora

55
Q

What is the SPECIFIC FACTORS OF RESISTANCE IN SUSCEPTIBLE HOST?

A

a. leukocytes
b. serum factors and fibroblasts
c. the immune system

56
Q

What is EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  • epi means among, demos means people, and logos means study.
  • STUDIES CONDUCTED AMONG HUMAN POPULATIONS
57
Q

EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDY ON?

A

“DISEASE DETECTIVES”

  1. how people get sick and die
  2. who gets sick and dies
  3. how to avoid getting sick
  4. who gets the disease and why
58
Q

What EPIDEMIOLOGISTS STUDY?

A
  1. both sick and well people
  2. crucial differences
  3. with the disease
  4. disease-free
59
Q

What is DISTRIBUTION?

A
  • “who has the problem?”
60
Q

What is DETERMINANTS?

A
  • “what influences the problem?”
61
Q

What is RISK FACTORS?

A
  • “what characteristics are associated with the disease?” it can be NON-MODIFIABLE or MODIFIABLE
62
Q

What are the USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  • disease occurrence
  • disease cause
  • factor increasing risk of disease
  • disease extent in a population
  • natural history of disease
  • disease characteristics
  • preventive measures and policy decisions
63
Q

What are the ISSUES ADDRESSED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  • disease
  • mortality
  • hospitalization
  • disability
  • quality of life
  • health status
64
Q

What does EPIDEMIOLOGY DO?

A
  1. weighs and balances
  2. contrast and compares
  3. use rates: events / population at risk
65
Q

What are the EPIDEMIOLOGY RATES?

A
  1. events (numerator)
  2. population at risk (denominator)
66
Q

What is EVENTS?

A
  • number of people to WHOM SOMETHING HAPPENED (i.e. they got sick, died, etc)
67
Q

What is POPULATION AT RISK?

A
  • all the PEOPLE AT RISK FOR THE EVENT
68
Q

What is an EPIDEMIC?

A
  • AFFECTS GREATER THAN EXPECTED NUMBER of individuals at the same time
69
Q

What is an ENDEMIC?

A
  • NORMAL OCCURENCE in a population
70
Q

What is PANDEMIC?

A
  • GEOGRAPHICALLY WIDESPREAD
  • an epidemic in >1 continent
71
Q

What are the FUNDAMENTALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  1. Traditional
  2. Modern
72
Q

What is the EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE?

A
  1. Agent (right side of triangle)
  2. Host (left side of triangle)
  3. Environment (tip of triangle)
  4. Individuals as function of Time (inside the triangle)
73
Q

What CAUSES OF EPIDEMIC?

A
  • new agent
  • change in an existing agent (infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence)
  • change in number of susceptible (population)
  • environmental changes affecting transmission or growth of agent
74
Q

What is AGENT IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE?

A
  • INFECTIOUS vs. NON-INFECTIOUS
75
Q

What is HOST IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE?

A
  • HUMANS and ANIMALS
76
Q

What is ENVIRONMENT IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE?

A
  • external SURROUNDING and CONDITIONS
77
Q

What is TIME IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE?

A
  • INCUBATION and LATENCY PERIOD
78
Q

What is AGENT?

A
  • PRIMARY AGENT responsible or ascertain causative factors
  • characteristics of the agent or causative factors
  • mode of transmission
  • contributing factors
  • geographic patterns
79
Q

What is HOST?

A
  • organisms (humans, animals) EXPOSED TO and HARBOR A DISEASE
80
Q

What are the FACTORS AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE?

A
  • age, gender
  • race/ethnicity
  • occupation
  • immune status
  • behaviors
81
Q

What is ENVIRONMENT?

A
  • EXTERNAL TO THE HOST
82
Q

What are the CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY CAUSE DISEASE?

A
  • weather
  • population density
  • geography
  • season of the year
  • genetic effects/family history
83
Q

What is TIME?

A
  • DURATION when a person is sick, before death, or recovery
84
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF TIME?

A
  1. incubation period
  2. latency period
85
Q

What is INCUBATION PERIOD?

A
  • TIME FROM INFECTION to SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT
86
Q

What is LATENCY PERIOD?

A
  • TIME FROM EXPOSURE to SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT (CHRONIC DISEASE)
87
Q

What are the MISSION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  1. break the triangle; completely preventing disease or control spread
  2. understand what causes disease
  3. determine groups likely to get disease
  4. determine geographical factors conducive to disease spread
88
Q

What is a COMMUNICABLE DISEASE?

A
  • another term for communicable disease is infectious disease or contagious disease. This refers to DISEASE THAT CAN BE PASSED ON OR “INFECTED” TO ANOTHER HUMAN BEING. According to the CDC, this can happen from DIRECT OR INDIRECT TRANSMISSION of infectious agents.
89
Q

What are the 10 GENERAL METHODS TO CONTROL COMMUNICABLE DISEASE?

A
  1. notification
  2. early diagnosis and prompt treatment
  3. reporting
  4. isolation
  5. quarantine
  6. disinfection
  7. disinfestation
  8. immunoprophylaxis
  9. chemoprophylaxis
  10. health
90
Q

What is NOTIFICATION?

A
  • once an infectious disease has been detected for even suspected, it should be NOTIFIED TO THE LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY, whose responsibility is to put into operation control measures including the provision of medical care to patients
91
Q

What is EARLY DIAGNOSIS and PROMPT TREATMENT?

A
  • the infection will rapidly spread to the community without an early diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis with epidemiological support is sufficient enough to warrant treatment and appropriate control measures. TREATMENT IS TARGETED TO THE RESERVOIR or source of infection. Proper and adequate treatment should be given in order to kill the infectious agents or to reduce the number of infectious agents in the reservoir or source. Inadequate and improper treatment will reveal chronic cases, carrier state, and drug-resistant problems
92
Q

What is REPORTING?

A
  • this must be STARTED FROM THE AREA OF EPIDEMIC OUTBREAK to WHO within 24 hours. There is a definite detailed procedure for reporting with specific forms. There should be control measures for clinically showing patients.
93
Q

What is ISOLATION?

A
  • it is the SEPARATION OF A PATIENT FROM OTHER PERSON for the communicable period of a particular disease. Separation should be done in such places and under such conditions as will prevent the direct spread of infection from an infected person to the healthy persons
94
Q

What is QUARANTINE?

A
  • it is the PROHIBITION OF MOVEMENT OF PERSONS who have been exposed to communicable disease IN ORDER TO PREVENT them from coming into CONTACT with those not so exposed. Any members of the family are not allowed to move outside of their house, the whole village, a block of town, or a sea vessel.
95
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF QUARANTINE?

A
  1. inner quarantine - imposed on the infected house
  2. outer quarantine - placed on the infected village or ward
96
Q

What is DISINFECTION?

A
  • KILLING OF INFECTIOUS AGENT OUTSIDE THE BODY by means of physical or chemical disinfectants
97
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF DISINFECTION?

A
  1. CONCURRENT DISINFECTION - APPLICATION OF DISINFECTIVE MEASURES ASAP after the discharge of infection material from the body of an infectious person. Consists of the disinfection of urine, feces, vomit, clothes, hands, and gloves.
  2. TERMINAL DISINFECTION - APPLICATION OF DISINFECTIVE MEASURES AFTER A PATIENT HAS DIED after the patient has died or has ceased to be a source of infection.
98
Q

What is DISINFESTATION?

A
  • It is USED TO DESTROY OR REMOVE undesired small animal forms arthropods or rodents present upon the person, the clothing, in the environment, or domestic animals by using Insecticides, Rodenticides, Larvicides, Repellants, and Gassing.
99
Q

What is IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS?

A
  • It is used to prevent disease by GIVING IMMUNIZING AGENTS. Its main goal is to produce herd immunity to the risk population
100
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS?

A
  1. Passive immunization - administration oPREPARED ANTIBODIES
  2. Active Immunization - administration of ANTIGENS IN THE FORM OF VACCINES AND TOXOIDS.
101
Q

What is CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS?

A
  • to PREVENT FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFECTION or the progressive of infection to actively manifest disease, some drugs can be administered
102
Q

What is HEALTH?

A
  • the essential duty of every health workers is to EDUCATE THE COMMUNITY ABOUT DISEASE causation, clinical features, mode of transmission, prevention, importance of notification, immunization, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, etc.
103
Q

What is EPIDEMIOLOGY?

A
  • THE BASIC SCIENCE OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE. It is the scientific discipline of public health to study diseases in the community to acquire knowledge for the health care of society.
104
Q

What is CARRIER?

A
  • A carrier is A PERSON WHO IS INFECTIOUS but with subclinical disease. An asymptomatic person is usually a carrier.
105
Q

What are the PART OF SUBCLINICAL DISEASE?

A

A. Induction – time of DISEASE INITIATION
B. Incubation – time of SYMPTOMS
C. Latency – time of DETECTION in non-communicable and infectiousness in communicable.

106
Q

What are the LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURENCE?

A

a. Sporadic
b. Endemic
c. Hyperendemic
d. Epidemic
e. Outbreak
f. Pandemic

107
Q

What is SPORADIC?

A
  • disease that OCCURS infrequently or IRREGULARLY
108
Q

What is PANDEMIC?

A
  • constant presence or USUAL PREVALENCE OF DISEASE WITHIN AN AREA
109
Q

What is HYPERENDEMIC?

A
  • persistent HIGH LEVELS OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE
110
Q

What is EPIDEMIC?

A
  • SUDDEN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF CASES OF DISEASE in the population
111
Q

What is OUTBREAK?

A
  • same as epidemic but WITHIN MORE LIMITED AREA
112
Q

What is PANDEMIC?

A
  • epidemic that SPREAD OVER SEVERAL COUNTRIES OR CONTINENTS

Biostatistics Lecture (4 decks)

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