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Biostatistics Lecture > M5 Health Care Service > Flashcards

M5 Health Care Service Flashcards

1
Q

What is the VITAL ELEMENT OF GOOD SERVICE DELIVERY?

A
  • good service delivery is a vital element of any health system
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2
Q

What is HEALTH CARE AND SERVICES?

A
  • promotion and maintenance of health is the responsibility of the government
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3
Q

What are the KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITY HEALTH CARE SERVICES?

A
  1. Comprehensiveness
  2. Accessibility
  3. Coverage
  4. Continuity
  5. Quality
  6. Person-centered
  7. Coordination
  8. Accountability and Efficiency
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4
Q

What is COMPREHENSIVENESS?

A
  • a comprehensive range of health services is provided, APPROPRIATENESS TO THE NEEDS OF THE TARGET POPULATION, including preventative, curative, palliative, and rehabilitative services and health promotion activities.
  • provide a service to understand the diagnosis and possible treatments of a disease in a patient.
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5
Q

What is ACCESSIBILITY?

A
  • services are directly and PERMANENTLY ACCESSIBLE WITH NO UNDUE BARRIERS OF COST, LANGUAGE, CULTURE, OR GEOGRAPHY. Health services are CLOSE TO THE PEOPLE, with a routine point of entry to the service network at the primary care level (not at the specialist or hospital level).
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6
Q

What is COVERAGE?

A
  • service delivery is designed so that all people in a defined TARGET POPULATION ARE COVERED, i.e., the sick and the healthy, all income groups, and all social groups.
  • HMO, PhilHealth, Green Card
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7
Q

What is CONTINUITY?

A
  • service delivery is organized to provide an individual with CONTINUITY OF CARE across the network of services, health conditions, levels of care, and over the life cycle.
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8
Q

What is QUALITY?

A
  • health services are of high quality, i.e., they are EFFECTIVE, SAFE, CENTERED ON THE PATIENT’S NEEDS, AND GIVEN IN A TIMELY FASHION.
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9
Q

What is PERSON-CENTERED?

A
  • services are organized around the person, not the disease or the financing. Users PERCEIVE HEALTH SERVICES TO BE RESPONSIVE AND ACCEPTABLE TO THEM. There is participation from the target population in service delivery design and assessment. People are partners in their own health care.
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10
Q

What is COORDINATION?

A
  • local area health service networks are ACTIVELY COORDINATED, ACROSS TYPES OF PROVIDERS, TYPE OF CARE, LEVELS OF SERVICE DELIVERY, AND FOR BOTH ROUTINE AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS. The patient’s primary care provider facilitates the route through the needed services and works in collaboration with other levels and types of providers. Coordination also takes place with other sectors (e.g., social services) and partners (e.g., community organizations).
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11
Q

What is ACCOUNTABILITY AND EFFICACY?

A
  • health services are well managed so as TO ACHIEVE the CORE ELEMENTS described above with minimum wastage of resources. Managers are allocated the necessary authority TO ACHIEVE PLANNED OBJECTIVES AND HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR OVERALL PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS. Assessment includes appropriate mechanisms for the participation of the target population and civil society.
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12
Q

What is midwifery?

A
  • the oldest component of health care. the assistance of delivery whether performed by a relative or by a village matriarch is a feature of practically every culture.
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13
Q

What INCLUDES IN A CHILD CARE?

A
  1. Health education
  2. Growth monitoring
  3. Nutritional evaluation
  4. Immunization
  5. Oral rehydration
  6. Treatment of simple disease
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14
Q

What are the ROLES OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN A MATERNAL CARE?

A
  • Prenatal care
  • Screening in infancy, childhood adolescence
  • Encouragement of breastfeeding
  • Immunization
  • Prevention of childhood diseases
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15
Q

What is the CURRENT MATERNAL CHILD CARE PRACTICE?

A
  • Recognition and treatment of diarrheal disease
  • Identification of risk factors in both pregnancy and childhood
  • Improved nutritional programs with appropriate food supplementation
  • Better delivery techniques
  • More sophisticated referral options
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16
Q

WHY DO WOMEN NOT GET THE CARE THEY NEED?

A

o Poverty
o Distance to facilities
o Lack of information
o Inadequate and poor-quality services
o Cultural beliefs and practices

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17
Q

What are the COMMON LABORATORY TESTS FOR PREGNANT WOMEN? (done by Medical Technologist)

A
  1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
  2. Blood type with Rh Typing
  3. VDRL/RPR
  4. Hepatitis B
  5. HIV
  6. OGTT
  7. Urinalysis
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18
Q

What are the COMMON LABORATORY TEST FOR NEWBORN?

A
  1. Newborn Screening (NBS)
  2. Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)
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19
Q

What is NEWBORN SCREENING? (NBS)

A
  • congenital hypothyroidism (CH), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), phenylketonuria (PKU), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, galactosemia (GAL), and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
  • done by Medical Technologist through heel puncture (heel prick)
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20
Q

What is EXPANDED NEWBORN SCREENING? (ENBS)

A
  • the expanded screening will INCLUDE 22 MORE DISORDERS such as hemoglobinopathies and additional metabolic disorders, namely, organic acid, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid disorders. The latter are included in the standard care across the globe.
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21
Q

What are the DISORDER SCREENED DURING POST NATAL CARE?

A
  • CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism)
  • CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
  • GAL (Galactosemia)
  • PKU (Phenylketonuria)
  • G6PD
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22
Q

What are the EFFECTS SCREENED AND THE EFFECTS WHEN TREATED? (CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM)

A
  • severe mental retardation; normal
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23
Q

What are the EFFECTS SCREENED AND THE EFFECTS WHEN TREATED? (CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA)

A
  • death; alive and normal
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24
Q

What are the EFFECTS SCREENED AND THE EFFECTS WHEN TREATED? (GALACTOSEMIA)

A
  • deaths of cataracts; alive and normal
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25
Q

What are the EFFECTS SCREENED AND THE EFFECTS WHEN TREATED? (PHENYLKETONURIA)

A
  • severe mental retardation; normal
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26
Q

What are the EFFECTS SCREENED AND THE EFFECTS WHEN TREATED? (G6PD)

A
  • severe anemia, kernicterus; normal
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27
Q

VACCINES SHOULD BE GIVEN:

A
  • Before the child is in danger from the disease
  • After the child has lost the immunity gained from the mother
  • Any time after the recommended age
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28
Q

What is the IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE OF BCG (BACILLE CALMETTE - GUERIN)

A
  • 0.5 (1ml after 1 year of age); at birth or any time after
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29
Q

What is the IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE OF POLIOMYELITIS?

A
  • 2 gtts per dose; at birth and at 6, 10, and 14 weeks
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30
Q

What is the IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE OF DPT (DIPHTHERIA - TETANUS)?

A
  • .5ml; 2, 4, 6 and 15 to 18 months; booster 4 - 6 yrs
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31
Q

What is the IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE OF MEASLES?

A
  • .5ml; at 9 months or soon after
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32
Q

What is PERTUSSIS?

A
  • rust causes tetanus; the sign experienced is lockjaw.
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33
Q

What is the TETANUS IMMUNIZATION FOR WOMEN?

A

note: all measures 0.5 ml

dose 1: at first or as early as possible pregnancy
dose 2: at least 4 weeks after 1
dose 3: 6-12 months after dose 2 or during subsequent pregnancy
dose 4: 1-3 years after dose 3 or during subsequent pregnancy
dose 5: 1-5 years after dose 4 or during subsequent pregnancy

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34
Q

What is the 1ST ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • education on PREVAILING HEALTH PROBLEMS AND the METHODS OF PREVENTING and controlling them
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35
Q

What is the 2ND ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • PROMOTION of adequate FOOD SUPPLY and PROPER NUTRITION
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36
Q

What is the 3RD ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • BASIC SANITATION and an adequate supply of safe water
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37
Q

What is the 4TH ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • MATERNAL AND CHILD CARE including FAMILY PLANNING
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38
Q

What is the 5TH ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • IMMUNIZATION against infectious diseases
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39
Q

What is the 6TH ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF locally ENDEMIC diseases
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40
Q

What is the 7TH ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • appropriate TREATMENT of common disease
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41
Q

What is the 8TH ELEMENT OF ESSENTIAL HEALTH CARE?

A
  • PROVISION OF ESSENTIAL DRUGS
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42
Q

What is the MAIN GOAL OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE?

A
  • to IMPROVE THE STATE OF HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE for all people attained through self-reliance
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43
Q

What are the 4 PROLONGED GOALS OF PHC?

A
  1. Social and Development
  2. Health and Development
  3. Health Development and Poverty
  4. Contribution of primary health care to the development
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44
Q

How PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC) WORKS?

A
  • (DOH) provides the LEADERSHIP PROMOTION, ORGANIZATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION of PHC
45
Q

What are the AGENCIES INVOLVED IN PHC?

A
  • Department of Health
  • Department of Budget and Management
  • Department of Interior and Local Government
  • Philippine Hospital Association
  • Department of Education
  • Philippine National Red Cross
  • Department of Social Welfare and Development
  • World Health Organization
  • Department of National Defense
  • Health Sciences Center University of the Philippines
  • Department of Public Works and Highways
  • Philippine National Organization
  • Population Composition
  • Council of Health Agencies of the Philippines
  • Department of Agriculture
  • Different Non-Governmental Organization
46
Q

What is FAMILY PLANNING AND CONTRACEPTION?

A
  • defined as the rational, voluntary, and normal MANAGEMENT OF ALL PROCESSES OF FAMILY INCLUDING HUMAN REPRODUCTION.
47
Q

What is the USES OF FAMILY PLANNING AND CONTRACEPTION?

A
  • Birth regulation and spacing
  • Treatment of Infertility
  • Family life and Sex Education
  • Pre-martial guidance and marriage counseling
  • Pre-natal and post-natal care
48
Q

What is the 5 STEP PROCESS OF FAMILY PLANNING?

A
  1. Pre-natal
  2. Antenatal
  3. Delivery
  4. Post-partum
  5. Childcare
49
Q

What are the TWO GROUPS OF WOMEN MERITING SPECIAL ATTENTION IN CHILD SPACING?

A
  1. Adolescent Mothers
  2. Multiparous Women
50
Q

What are the CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACEPTION?

A

Folk method
Traditional method
Modern method
Permanent method
Calendar method
Cervical mucus method

51
Q

What are the FOLK METHOD?

A
  1. Coitus Interruptus or Withdrawal
  2. Post Coidal Douche
  3. Prolonged Lactation or Breastfeeding
52
Q

What is COITUS INTERRUPTUS OR WITHDRAWAL?

A
  • A MAN WITHDRAWS HIS PENIS FROM HIS PARTNER’S VAGINA and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away from her external genitalia
53
Q

What is POST COIDAL DOUCHE?

A
  • USE OF SOLUTION within 90 secs after intercourse

ex: feminine wash, vinegar solution

54
Q

What is PROLONGED LACTATION OR BREASTFEEDING?

A
  • breastfeeding BEYOND 1 YEAR
55
Q

What are the TRADITIONAL METHOD?

A
  1. Condom
  2. Vaginal Diaphragm
  3. Spermicides
  4. Rhythm
56
Q

What is CONDOM?

A
  • STRONG LATEX – advertise; thick; widely available
57
Q

What is VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM?

A
  • CAP; circular dome made of thin, SOFT SILICONE INSTERTED INTO VAGINA BEFORE SEX TO BLOCK SPERM
58
Q

What is SPERMICIDES?

A
  • JELLY OR CREAM; kills sperm
59
Q

What is SPERMICIDES?

A
  • JELLY OR CREAM; kills sperm
60
Q

What is RHYTHM?

A
  • AVOIDANCE OF INTERCOURSE
61
Q

What are the MODERN METHOD?

A
  1. Combined Oral Contraceptive
  2. Progesterone Pills
  3. Implants and Injectables
  4. Patch and Combined Contraceptive Ring
  5. Intrauterine Device Copper (IUD)
  6. Male and Female Condom
  7. Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
  8. Emergency Contraception Pills
  9. Standard Days Method
  10. Basal Body Temperature
  11. Two-Day Method
  12. Sympthothermal Method
62
Q

What is a COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE?

A
  • commonly called “THE PILLS”
  • contains TWO HORMONES – estrogen and progesterone
63
Q

What is PROGESTERONE PILLS?

A
  • commonly called “MINI PILLS”
  • progesterone only
  • THICKENS CERVICAL MUCOUS
64
Q

What is IMPLANTS AND INJECTABLES?

A
  • contains progesterone
  • small, flexible rods or CAPSULES PLACED UNDER THE SKIN of the upper arm or injected into the muscle of the skin every two to three months
65
Q

What is PATCH AND COMBINED CONTRACEPTIVE RING?

A
  • HORMONES DIRECTLY APPLIED TO THE SKIN
  • prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries
66
Q

What is INTRAUTERINE DEVICE COPPER? (IUD)

A
  • a plastic device CONTAINING COPPER INSERTED INTO THE UTERUS
67
Q

What is MALE AND FEMALE CONDOM?

A
  • sheath or COVERING that fits the penis and vagina
68
Q

What is a LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD? (LAM)

A
  • TEMPORARY CONTRACEPTION FOR NEW MOTHERS whose monthly bleeding has not returned
  • requires exclusive or FULL BREASTFEEDING DAY AND NIGHT of an INFANT LESS THAN 6 MONTHS OLD
69
Q

What are EMERGENCY PILLS?

A
  • commonly referred to as PLAN B
  • commercial names – ulipristal acetate 30 mg or levonorgestrel 1.5 mg
  • pills take to PREVENT PREGNANCY UP TO 5 DAYS AFTER UNPROTECTED SEX
70
Q

What is STANDARD DAY METHOD?

A
  • women TRACK FERTILE PERIOD
  • fertile periods are usually 8-19 of each 26–32-DAY CYCLE
  • use CYCLE BEADS or other tools
71
Q

What is a TWO-DAY METHOD?

A
  • women TRACK their FERTILE PERIOD by observing the presence of cervical mucus
72
Q

What is BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE?

A
  • women TRACK their BODY TEMPERATURE at a set time EVERY MORNING BEFORE GETTING OUT OF BED
  • observe for an increase of 0.2 – 0.5 C
73
Q

What is SYMPTHOTHERMAL METHOD?

A
  • women TRACK their FERTILE PERIODS by observing changes in the cervical mucus, BODY TEMPERATURE and CONSISTENCY OF CERVIX
74
Q

What are the PERMANENT METHOD?

A
  1. Vasectomy
  2. Tubal Ligation
75
Q

What is VASECTOMY?

A
  • male sterilization
  • blocks or CUTS THE VAS DEFERENS TUBES that carry the sperm from the testicles
  • keep the sperm out of ejaculated semen
76
Q

What is TUBAL LIGATION?

A
  • female sterilization
  • block or CUTS THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
  • eggs are blocked from meeting the sperm
77
Q

What is CALENDAR METHOD (RYTHM METHOD)?

A
  • women MONITOR THEIR PATTERN OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE OVER 6 MONTHS
  • subtract 18 FROM THE SHORTEST CYCLE LENGTH and
  • subtract 11 FROM LONGEST CYCLE LENGTH
78
Q

What is CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD?

A
  • fertility awareness by OBSERVING MUCUS DISCHARGE (cloudly and pasty/ slippery wet)
79
Q

What are the SIGNS OF FERTILITY?

A
  1. Cervical Mucus
  2. Body Temperature
  3. Consistency of cervix
80
Q

What is CERVICAL MUCUS?

A
  • CLEAR TEXTURE
81
Q

What is BODY TEMPERATURE?

A
  • SLIGHT INCREASE (0.2 or 0.5 C)
82
Q

What is CONSISTENCY OF CERVIX?

A
  • SOFTENING
83
Q

What are the BENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING TO MOTHER?

A
  • better care for each child
  • better care of herself and her husband
  • great opportunities for her own health
84
Q

What are the BENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING TO FATHER?

A
  • time to allow for job promotion
  • peace of mind and freedom
  • the sense of achievement
85
Q

What are the BENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING TO CHILD?

A
  • adequate food, clothing, shelter, water, light, and a peaceful family
  • a healthy body and mind
  • maximum chances for a university education
86
Q

What is OVULATION?

A
  • when the MATURE EGG or ovum is RELEASED INTO FALLOPIAN TUBE
87
Q

What is FERTILIZATION OR CONCEPTION?

A
  • when ONE SPERM PENETRATES THE EGG
88
Q

What is IMPLANTATION?

A
  • the FERTILIZED EGGS EMBED IN THE LINING OF THE UTERUS
89
Q

What is CONTRACEPTION?

A
  • deliberate interference with the natural result of marriage relation by using a mechanical instrument or MEDICAL PREPARATION before, during, or after sexual contact.
90
Q

What are the PERIODS DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE?

A
  1. Before-Ovulation
  2. At Ovulation
  3. After Ovulation
91
Q

What happens in BEFORE-OVULATION?

A
  • sperm can live 2-3 DAYS in the fallopian tube. If the EGG IS RELEASED DURING THAT TIME, CONCEPTION CAN TAKE PLACE.
92
Q

What happens AT OVULATION?

A
  • the MATURE EGG IS READY TO BE FERTILIZED WITHIN 2 HOURS after its release from the follicle
93
Q

What happens AFTER OVULATION?

A
  • AN EGG CAN LIVE FROM 1-2 DAYS AFTER its release from the follicle.
94
Q

What are the METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION?

A
  1. Non-Surgical
  2. Surgical
95
Q

What METHODS ARE UNDER NON-SURGICAL?

A
  1. Local Method
  2. Systematic Method
96
Q

What are the LOCAL METHOD?

A
  1. Methods requiring services or physician
  2. Methods not requiring services or physician
97
Q

What are the METHODS REQUIRING SERVICES OR PHYSICIAN?

A
  • Vaginal diaphragm
  • Cervical cap
  • IUD
98
Q

What are the METHODS NOT REQUIRING SERVICES OR PHYSICIAN?

A
  • Condom
  • Jelly, cream, aerosol foams
  • Vaginal foam tablet
  • Sponges & tampons w/ household spermicides
  • Sponges and foam
  • Suppositories
  • Coitus interruptus
99
Q

What are the SYSTEMATIC METHOD?

A
  1. Hormonal Inhabitation – pills and injectables
  2. Rhythm aka Periodic Continence
  3. Prolonged Lactation
100
Q

What METHODS ARE UNDER SURGICAL?

A
  1. For female
  2. For male
101
Q

What are the SURGERIES FOR FEMALE?

A
  • Tubal ligation
  • Hysterectomy
  • Salpingectomy
102
Q

What are the SURGERIES FOR MALE?

A
  • Vasectomy
103
Q

What are the CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS ACCORDING TO EFFECTIVENESS?

A
  • Most Effective
  • Highly Effective
  • Very Effective
  • Less Effective
  • Least Effective
  • Probably Effective
104
Q

What is the MOST EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Pill – oral contraception
  • Injectables
  • IUD
105
Q

What is the HIGHLY EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Vaginal diaphragm (with cream/jelly)
  • Cervical cap (with cream/jelly)
  • Combined condom and rhythm
106
Q

What is the VERY EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Aerosol – vaginal form
107
Q

What is the LESS EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Cream and jellies
  • Foam tablets
  • Suppositories
  • Coitus interruptus
  • Rhythm
  • Sponge with foam
108
Q

What is the LEAST EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Prolonged lactation
109
Q

What is the PROBABLE EFFECTIVE?

A
  • Douche (plain or with chemical)

Biostatistics Lecture (4 decks)

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