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Biostatistics Lecture > M4 Demography | Lab > Flashcards

M4 Demography | Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What is DEMOGRAPHY?

A
  • the study of population processes.
  • it is known as the ‘elements of human statistics’
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2
Q

What are the EVENTS on which science focuses its attention?

A
  1. change in population size
  2. population composition/structure
  3. distribution of population
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3
Q

What are the uses of demography in PUBLIC HEALTH?

A
  • it aids health workers, program planners, and administrations in identifying health problems in a community.
  • it provides knowledge of the growth and dispersal of population groups in the past which will help predict future development and consequences.
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4
Q

What are the SOURCES of DEMOGRAPHIC DATA?

A
  1. census
  2. sample surveys
  3. registration system
  4. continuing population register
  5. other record systems
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5
Q

What is CENSUS?

A
  • it is the TOTAL PROCESS of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data pertaining to a specific time in a delimited territory.
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6
Q

What are the TYPES OF CENSUS?

A
  1. de facto (in actual)
  2. de jure (in law)
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7
Q

What is DE FACTO?

A
  • means in ‘actual fact’, the population is enumerated where it is found, regardless of the respondent’s usual place of residence. (listed only the present persons in a household)
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8
Q

What is DE JURE?

A
  • means ‘in law’, the respondent is enumerated at their usual place of residence, regardless of where they stayed on the census date. (listed whether they are present or not)
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9
Q

What is SAMPLE SURVEYS?

A
  • collects information from only a SUBSET of the population. it can provide accurate information within a shorter time.
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10
Q

What is a REGISTRATION SYSTEM?

A
  • collects information after (or shortly) experience VITAL EVENTS (birth, marriage, death, migration)
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11
Q

What is CONTINUING POPULATION REGISTER

A
  • provides a CONTINUOUS recording of information. it is an expensive system to maintain.
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12
Q

What is OTHER RECORD SYSTEMS?

A
  • it describes a specific population other than providing demographic data;

ex: voter registration, school enrolment, income tax return, social security system

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13
Q

What are the TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY?

A
  1. counts
  2. ratio
  3. rate
  4. proportion
  5. constant
  6. cohort measure
  7. period measure
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14
Q

What is COUNTs?

A
  • the ABSOLUTE NUMBERS of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area during a specific time.
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15
Q

What is RATIO?

A
  • a single number that represents the RELATIVE SIZE OF TWO NUMBERS.
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16
Q

What is RATE?

A
  • the OCCURENCE OF EVENTS over a given INTERVAL TIME.
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17
Q

What is PROPORTION?

A
  • a special type of ratio in which the NUMERATOR IS PART OF THE DENOMINATOR.
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18
Q

What is CONSTANT?

A
  • an unchanging, ARBITRARY NUMBER by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more understandable way.
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19
Q

What is COHORT MEASURE?

A
  • a statistics that measures events occurring to a COHORT who are observed through time.
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20
Q

What is PERIOD MEASURE?

A
  • a statistic that measures events occurring to ALL PART of a population during one period of time.
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21
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF GENDER COMPOSITION?

A
  1. sex ratio
  2. sex structure
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22
Q

What is SEX RATIO?

A
  • comparison of the number of MALE individuals to the number of FEMALE individuals.
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23
Q

What is SEX STRUCTURE?

A
  • represents the various SEX RATIOS for each age group.
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24
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF AGE MAKE-UP OF A POPULATION?

A
  1. median age
  2. dependency ratio
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25
Q

What is MEDIAN AGE?

A
  • it is the MIDDLEMOST AGE in a set of observations (ages)
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26
Q

What is DEPENDENCY RATIO?

A
  • provides an INDEX OF AGE.
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27
Q

What is AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION?

A
  • an effective way of describing the age and sex of the population by presenting it through POPULATION PYRAMID.
28
Q

What is POPULATION PYRAMID?

A
  • graphical presentation of the age and sex of the population
  • demographic trends in the past
29
Q

What are the OTHER POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS/ MEASURES?

A
  1. life expectancy at birth
  2. marital status
  3. religious composition
  4. educational attainment
30
Q

What is RAPID GROWTH?

A
  • it indicates a LARGE PERCENTAGE of people at younger ages through a pyramid.
31
Q

What is SLOW GROWTH?

A
  • it is reflected by pyramid with a SMALLER PROPORTION of the population in the younger ages.
32
Q

What is ZERO GROWTH?

A
  • it is known as DECREASING POPULATION.
33
Q

What are the MEASURES OF INDICATORS OF HOW PEOPLE ARE DISTRIBUTED IN A SPECIFIC TERRITORY?

A
  1. urban-rural distribution
  2. population density
  3. crowding index
34
Q

What are the ways to MEASURE CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE?

A
  1. natural increase
  2. rate of natural increase
  3. absolute increase
  4. relative increase
35
Q

What is a NATURAL INCREASE?

A
  • a number of births - the number of deaths;
  • which occurs in a specific population within a specific period of time.
36
Q

What is a RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE?

A
  • it is the differences between the number of births and deaths.
  • crude birth rate - crude death rate
37
Q

What is ABSOLUTE INCREASE (per year)?

A
  • it measures the average number of people added to the population per year.
  • Pt - Po
38
Q

What is a RELATIVE INCREASE?

A
  • it is expressed in percent relative to the population size during the earlier census.
  • Pt - Po / Po x 100
39
Q

What is INTER CENSAL ESTIMATE?

A
  • estimates made on any date intermediate to two censuses in the PAST
40
Q

What is POST CENSAL ESTIMATE?

A
  • estimates the population size on any date in the PAST OR DURING a current date following a census
41
Q

What is PROJECTIONS?

A
  • estimates made on any date following the last census for which NO CURRENT REPORT are available
42
Q

What is the BASIC METHOD OF ESTIMATING AND PROJECTING POPULATION?

A
  1. component method
  2. mathematical method
43
Q

What is COMPONENT METHOD?

A
  • seldom used
  • inflow-outflow method
  • adding natural increases and the net migration for the period
44
Q

What are the MATHEMATICAL METHOD?

A
  1. arithmetic method
  2. geometric method
  3. exponential method
45
Q

What is ARITHMETIC METHOD?

A
  • assumes that an EQUAL AMOUNT of absolute change occurs in the population every year.
46
Q

What are the GEOMETRIC AND EXPONENTIAL METHOD?

A
  • assumes that a CONSTANT RATE of increase or decrease occurs in the population
47
Q

What are the VITAL STATISTICAL RATES AND RATIOS?

A
  • it is a science dealing with measurement and comparison.
  • the different levels of health indicators are frequently used as a basis for hypothesis, formulation and testing, planning, implementation, and evaluation of intervention programs and strategies.
48
Q

What is CRUDE RATES?

A
  • the denominator is the total population.
49
Q

What is SPECIFIC RATES?

A
  • events happening to the SPECIFIED GROUPS are related only to the corresponding segment of the population.
50
Q

What are the FERTILITY RATES?

A
  1. crude birth rate
  2. general fertility rate
51
Q

What is CRUDE BIRTH RATE?

A
  • it measures how fast people are added to the population through BIRTHS.
  • no. of registered live births / mid yr population x 1000
52
Q

What is GENERAL FERTILITY RATE?

A
  • a more specific (FERTILITY) rate than the crude birth rate
  • no. of registered live births/ mid yr population of women 15-49 x 1000
53
Q

What are the MORTALITY RATES?

A
  1. crude death rate
  2. specific mortality rate
  3. cause of death rate
  4. infant mortality rate
  5. maternal mortality rate
  6. proportional mortality ratio
54
Q

What is CRUDE DEATH RATE?

A
  • it gives the rate at which MORTALITY occurs in a given population.
  • no. of deaths in a calendar yr / mid yr population x 1000
55
Q

What is SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE?

A
  • a SPECIFIC RATE OF DYING in a population group
  • no. of deaths in a specified group in a calendar yr / mid yr population to the same specified group x 1000
56
Q

What is CAUSE OF DEATH RATE?

A
  • MORTALITY RATE from a SPECIFIC DISEASE or condition
  • no. of deaths from a certain cause in a calendar yr / mid yr population x 100,000
57
Q

What is INFANT MORTALITY RATE?

A
  • the number of DEATHS AMONG INFANTS under 1 yr of age
  • deaths under 1 yr of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same year x 1000
58
Q

INFANT MORTALITY RATE can be divided into two:

A
  1. neonatal mortality rate
  2. post neonatal mortality rate
59
Q

What is the NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE?

A
  • no. of deaths among UNDER 28 DAYS of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same year x 1000
60
Q

What is POST NEONATAL MORTALITY?

A
  • no. of deaths BETWEEN 28 DAYS to less than 1 yr of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same yr x 1000
61
Q

What is the MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE?

A
  • measure the number of DEATHS due to diseases FROM PREGNANCY, DELIVERY, PUERPERIUM
  • no. of death due to pregnancy in calendar yr / no. of live births in the same yr x 100,000
62
Q

What is PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO?

A
  • the proportion of total deaths occurring in a particular cause.
  • no. of deaths to particular cause of population group in a yr / total death in yr x 100
63
Q

What is PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO?

A
  • the PROPORTION OF TOTAL DEATHS occurring in a particular cause.
  • no. of deaths to a particular cause of population group in a yr / total death in yr x 100
64
Q

What are the TWO TYPES OF MORBIDITY RATES?

A
  1. incidence rate
  2. prevalence rate
65
Q

What is MORBIDITY RATE?

A
  • measures the OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS in a community
66
Q

What is INCIDENCE RATE?

A
  • measures the DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE in a group
  • no. of new cases of diseases developing in a period of time / population exposed to risk of developing the disease during a period of time x F
67
Q

What is PREVALENCE RATE?

A
  • measure the portion of EXISTING CASES of the disease in the population
  • no. of existing cases of a specified disease / population studied x F

Biostatistics Lecture (4 decks)

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