M4 Demography | Lab Flashcards
What is DEMOGRAPHY?
- the study of population processes.
- it is known as the ‘elements of human statistics’
What are the EVENTS on which science focuses its attention?
- change in population size
- population composition/structure
- distribution of population
What are the uses of demography in PUBLIC HEALTH?
- it aids health workers, program planners, and administrations in identifying health problems in a community.
- it provides knowledge of the growth and dispersal of population groups in the past which will help predict future development and consequences.
What are the SOURCES of DEMOGRAPHIC DATA?
- census
- sample surveys
- registration system
- continuing population register
- other record systems
What is CENSUS?
- it is the TOTAL PROCESS of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data pertaining to a specific time in a delimited territory.
What are the TYPES OF CENSUS?
- de facto (in actual)
- de jure (in law)
What is DE FACTO?
- means in ‘actual fact’, the population is enumerated where it is found, regardless of the respondent’s usual place of residence. (listed only the present persons in a household)
What is DE JURE?
- means ‘in law’, the respondent is enumerated at their usual place of residence, regardless of where they stayed on the census date. (listed whether they are present or not)
What is SAMPLE SURVEYS?
- collects information from only a SUBSET of the population. it can provide accurate information within a shorter time.
What is a REGISTRATION SYSTEM?
- collects information after (or shortly) experience VITAL EVENTS (birth, marriage, death, migration)
What is CONTINUING POPULATION REGISTER
- provides a CONTINUOUS recording of information. it is an expensive system to maintain.
What is OTHER RECORD SYSTEMS?
- it describes a specific population other than providing demographic data;
ex: voter registration, school enrolment, income tax return, social security system
What are the TOOLS OF DEMOGRAPHY?
- counts
- ratio
- rate
- proportion
- constant
- cohort measure
- period measure
What is COUNTs?
- the ABSOLUTE NUMBERS of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area during a specific time.
What is RATIO?
- a single number that represents the RELATIVE SIZE OF TWO NUMBERS.
What is RATE?
- the OCCURENCE OF EVENTS over a given INTERVAL TIME.
What is PROPORTION?
- a special type of ratio in which the NUMERATOR IS PART OF THE DENOMINATOR.
What is CONSTANT?
- an unchanging, ARBITRARY NUMBER by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more understandable way.
What is COHORT MEASURE?
- a statistics that measures events occurring to a COHORT who are observed through time.
What is PERIOD MEASURE?
- a statistic that measures events occurring to ALL PART of a population during one period of time.
What are the TWO TYPES OF GENDER COMPOSITION?
- sex ratio
- sex structure
What is SEX RATIO?
- comparison of the number of MALE individuals to the number of FEMALE individuals.
What is SEX STRUCTURE?
- represents the various SEX RATIOS for each age group.
What are the TWO TYPES OF AGE MAKE-UP OF A POPULATION?
- median age
- dependency ratio
What is MEDIAN AGE?
- it is the MIDDLEMOST AGE in a set of observations (ages)
What is DEPENDENCY RATIO?
- provides an INDEX OF AGE.
What is AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION?
- an effective way of describing the age and sex of the population by presenting it through POPULATION PYRAMID.
What is POPULATION PYRAMID?
- graphical presentation of the age and sex of the population
- demographic trends in the past
What are the OTHER POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS/ MEASURES?
- life expectancy at birth
- marital status
- religious composition
- educational attainment
What is RAPID GROWTH?
- it indicates a LARGE PERCENTAGE of people at younger ages through a pyramid.
What is SLOW GROWTH?
- it is reflected by pyramid with a SMALLER PROPORTION of the population in the younger ages.
What is ZERO GROWTH?
- it is known as DECREASING POPULATION.
What are the MEASURES OF INDICATORS OF HOW PEOPLE ARE DISTRIBUTED IN A SPECIFIC TERRITORY?
- urban-rural distribution
- population density
- crowding index
What are the ways to MEASURE CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE?
- natural increase
- rate of natural increase
- absolute increase
- relative increase
What is a NATURAL INCREASE?
- a number of births - the number of deaths;
- which occurs in a specific population within a specific period of time.
What is a RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE?
- it is the differences between the number of births and deaths.
- crude birth rate - crude death rate
What is ABSOLUTE INCREASE (per year)?
- it measures the average number of people added to the population per year.
- Pt - Po
What is a RELATIVE INCREASE?
- it is expressed in percent relative to the population size during the earlier census.
- Pt - Po / Po x 100
What is INTER CENSAL ESTIMATE?
- estimates made on any date intermediate to two censuses in the PAST
What is POST CENSAL ESTIMATE?
- estimates the population size on any date in the PAST OR DURING a current date following a census
What is PROJECTIONS?
- estimates made on any date following the last census for which NO CURRENT REPORT are available
What is the BASIC METHOD OF ESTIMATING AND PROJECTING POPULATION?
- component method
- mathematical method
What is COMPONENT METHOD?
- seldom used
- inflow-outflow method
- adding natural increases and the net migration for the period
What are the MATHEMATICAL METHOD?
- arithmetic method
- geometric method
- exponential method
What is ARITHMETIC METHOD?
- assumes that an EQUAL AMOUNT of absolute change occurs in the population every year.
What are the GEOMETRIC AND EXPONENTIAL METHOD?
- assumes that a CONSTANT RATE of increase or decrease occurs in the population
What are the VITAL STATISTICAL RATES AND RATIOS?
- it is a science dealing with measurement and comparison.
- the different levels of health indicators are frequently used as a basis for hypothesis, formulation and testing, planning, implementation, and evaluation of intervention programs and strategies.
What is CRUDE RATES?
- the denominator is the total population.
What is SPECIFIC RATES?
- events happening to the SPECIFIED GROUPS are related only to the corresponding segment of the population.
What are the FERTILITY RATES?
- crude birth rate
- general fertility rate
What is CRUDE BIRTH RATE?
- it measures how fast people are added to the population through BIRTHS.
- no. of registered live births / mid yr population x 1000
What is GENERAL FERTILITY RATE?
- a more specific (FERTILITY) rate than the crude birth rate
- no. of registered live births/ mid yr population of women 15-49 x 1000
What are the MORTALITY RATES?
- crude death rate
- specific mortality rate
- cause of death rate
- infant mortality rate
- maternal mortality rate
- proportional mortality ratio
What is CRUDE DEATH RATE?
- it gives the rate at which MORTALITY occurs in a given population.
- no. of deaths in a calendar yr / mid yr population x 1000
What is SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE?
- a SPECIFIC RATE OF DYING in a population group
- no. of deaths in a specified group in a calendar yr / mid yr population to the same specified group x 1000
What is CAUSE OF DEATH RATE?
- MORTALITY RATE from a SPECIFIC DISEASE or condition
- no. of deaths from a certain cause in a calendar yr / mid yr population x 100,000
What is INFANT MORTALITY RATE?
- the number of DEATHS AMONG INFANTS under 1 yr of age
- deaths under 1 yr of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same year x 1000
INFANT MORTALITY RATE can be divided into two:
- neonatal mortality rate
- post neonatal mortality rate
What is the NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE?
- no. of deaths among UNDER 28 DAYS of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same year x 1000
What is POST NEONATAL MORTALITY?
- no. of deaths BETWEEN 28 DAYS to less than 1 yr of age in a calendar yr / no. of live births in the same yr x 1000
What is the MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE?
- measure the number of DEATHS due to diseases FROM PREGNANCY, DELIVERY, PUERPERIUM
- no. of death due to pregnancy in calendar yr / no. of live births in the same yr x 100,000
What is PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO?
- the proportion of total deaths occurring in a particular cause.
- no. of deaths to particular cause of population group in a yr / total death in yr x 100
What is PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO?
- the PROPORTION OF TOTAL DEATHS occurring in a particular cause.
- no. of deaths to a particular cause of population group in a yr / total death in yr x 100
What are the TWO TYPES OF MORBIDITY RATES?
- incidence rate
- prevalence rate
What is MORBIDITY RATE?
- measures the OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS in a community
What is INCIDENCE RATE?
- measures the DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE in a group
- no. of new cases of diseases developing in a period of time / population exposed to risk of developing the disease during a period of time x F
What is PREVALENCE RATE?
- measure the portion of EXISTING CASES of the disease in the population
- no. of existing cases of a specified disease / population studied x F
