M6S2: DNA to Proteins Flashcards
Composed of two strands forming a double helix, made up of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)
DNA / Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
DNA is composed of two long strands that coil around each other to form a double helix
Double Helix
Double Helix was first discovered by ______ and _______ in 1953, with critical contributions from Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images
James Watson and Francis Crick
Each strand of DNA is made up of repeating units called ____?
Nucleotides
What are the 3 components of Nucleotide?
Phosphate Group, Sugar Molecule, Nitrogenous Base
Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, a five-carbon sugar that lacks one oxygen atom compared to ribose, the sugar found in RNA
Sugar Molecule
The two strands of the DNA double helix are _____, meaning the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence on the other
Complementary Strands
the base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds— two between adenine and thymine and three between cytosine and guanine—giving the DNA molecule its stability
Hydrogen Bonds
In Hydrogen Bonds, DNA in Eukaryotic cells is located in the ______?
Cell Nucleus
In Hydrogen Bonds, DNA in Prokaryotic cells is located in the ______?
Cytoplasm
Specific sequences of nucleotides within DNA that encode instructions for building proteins, which carry out most of the functions in a cell
Genes
The entire set of genetic material in an organism is called ______
Genome
- describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
- DNA → RNA → Protein
- DNA transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)
The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology
the process by which a cell copies its entire genome before cell division
DNA Replication
the process by which the information encoded in a gene’s DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transcription
Transcription takes place in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize a specific protein
Translation
Translation occurs in the ______ of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Cytoplasm
It is the process by which the instructions in a gene are used to synthesize a functional product, typically a protein
Gene Expression
This encodes a protein involved in the production and transport of melanin within melanocytes
OCA2 Gene
This contains a regulatory region that controls the expression of the OCA2 gene
HERC2 Gene
It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells
Genetic Basis of Cystic Fibrosis
What are the consequences of Mutations?
Silent Mutations, Missense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations, Frameshift Mutations
These mutations change a nucleotide without altering the amino acid sequence of the protein, usually having no effect on the protein’s function.
Silent Mutations
These mutations result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein, which may affect the protein’s function, depending on the importance of the altered amino acid.
Missense Mutations
These mutations introduce a premature stop codon, leading to the production of a truncated, usually nonfunctional protein.
Nonsense Mutations
Insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame can result in a completely different and often nonfunctional protein
Frameshift Mutations
