M6S2: DNA to Proteins

Question 1

Composed of two strands forming a double helix, made up of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)

Answer 1

DNA / Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

What are the 4 Nitrogenous bases?

Answer 2

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Question 3

DNA is composed of two long strands that coil around each other to form a double helix

Answer 3

Double Helix

Question 4

Double Helix was first discovered by ______ and _______ in 1953, with critical contributions from Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction images

Answer 4

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 5

Each strand of DNA is made up of repeating units called ____?

Answer 5

Nucleotides

Question 6

What are the 3 components of Nucleotide?

Answer 6

Phosphate Group, Sugar Molecule, Nitrogenous Base

Question 7

Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, a five-carbon sugar that lacks one oxygen atom compared to ribose, the sugar found in RNA

Answer 7

Sugar Molecule

Question 8

The two strands of the DNA double helix are _____, meaning the sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence on the other

Answer 8

Complementary Strands

Question 9

the base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds— two between adenine and thymine and three between cytosine and guanine—giving the DNA molecule its stability

Answer 9

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 10

In Hydrogen Bonds, DNA in Eukaryotic cells is located in the ______?

Answer 10

Cell Nucleus

Question 11

In Hydrogen Bonds, DNA in Prokaryotic cells is located in the ______?

Answer 11

Cytoplasm

Question 12

Specific sequences of nucleotides within DNA that encode instructions for building proteins, which carry out most of the functions in a cell

Answer 12

Genes

Question 13

The entire set of genetic material in an organism is called ______

Answer 13

Genome

Question 14

• describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
• DNA → RNA → Protein
• DNA transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 14

The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology

Question 15

the process by which a cell copies its entire genome before cell division

Answer 15

DNA Replication

Question 16

the process by which the information encoded in a gene’s DNA sequence is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 16

Transcription

Question 17

Transcription takes place in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize a specific protein

Answer 18

Translation

Question 19

Translation occurs in the ______ of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

Cytoplasm

Question 20

It is the process by which the instructions in a gene are used to synthesize a functional product, typically a protein

Answer 20

Gene Expression

Question 21

This encodes a protein involved in the production and transport of melanin within melanocytes

Answer 21

OCA2 Gene

Question 22

This contains a regulatory region that controls the expression of the OCA2 gene

Answer 22

HERC2 Gene

Question 23

It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells

Answer 23

Genetic Basis of Cystic Fibrosis

Question 24

What are the consequences of Mutations?

Answer 24

Silent Mutations, Missense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations, Frameshift Mutations

Question 25

These mutations change a nucleotide without altering the amino acid sequence of the protein, usually having no effect on the protein’s function.

Answer 25

Silent Mutations

Question 26

These mutations result in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein, which may affect the protein’s function, depending on the importance of the altered amino acid.

Answer 26

Missense Mutations

Question 27

These mutations introduce a premature stop codon, leading to the production of a truncated, usually nonfunctional protein.

Answer 27

Nonsense Mutations

Question 28

Insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame can result in a completely different and often nonfunctional protein

Answer 28

Frameshift Mutations