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PHAR 230 > M6 L5 Antibiotics > Flashcards

M6 L5 Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

what is an antimicrobial agent

A

substances that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

classes of antimicrobial agents

A
  • antibacterials
  • antivirals
    -antifungals
  • antiprotozoals
  • anthelmintics (anthelmintics)
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3
Q

what is a bacterial cell

A
  • prokaryotes
  • some with have capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, or plasma membrane
  • not a proper nucleus, but has genetic tiny materials floating (plasmids)
  • can b gram +’ve or -‘ve
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4
Q

what does gram +’ve look under stain

A

purple, thick

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5
Q

what colour does gram -‘ve look under stain

A

pink, thin

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6
Q

what are cocci

A

circle bacteria

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7
Q

what are bacilli

A

rod-like bacteria

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8
Q

what are spirals

A

wavy/squiggly bacteria

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9
Q

classes of antibiotics

A
  • according to action
  • according to spectrum
  • according to effect
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10
Q

what could antibiotics target (this is how we can differentiate them)

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • folic acid synthesis
  • DNA
  • Protein synthesis
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11
Q

what antibiotics target the cell wall

A

-penicillin
-cephalosporins
-vancomycin

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

what antibiotics target the folic acid synthesis

A
  • sulfonamides
  • trimethoprim
  • co-trimoxasole
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14
Q

what antibiotics target the DNA

A
  • quinolones
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15
Q

what antibiotics target the protein synthesis

A

-macrolides
- lincomasides
- tetracyclines
- aminolycosides

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16
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotics

A
  • gram +’ve cocci: penicillin G
  • gram -‘ve bacilli: aminoglycosides
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17
Q

broad spectrum antibiotics

A
  • gram +’ve and -‘ve: tetracyclines
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18
Q

what are bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them
ex: tetracyclines -sulfonamides

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19
Q

what are bactericidal antibiotics

A
  • kill the bacteria
  • ex: penicillins - cephalosporins
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20
Q

addition antibiotic combo

A

1+1=2

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21
Q

synergism antibiotic combo

A

1+1=3
this is good u want this
- activity of combined agents is greater than sum of agents if given separately
ex:
- drug acting at sequential steps in metabolic pathway: sulfonamides + trimethoprim
- 1 drug prevents inactivation of 2nd: amoxicillin + clavulanate and imipenem + cilastatin

22
Q

antagonism antibiotic combo

A

1+1=0
bad

23
Q

what do bacteria do that causes antibiotics resistance

A
  • altered receptors and enzymes
  • altered rates of entry or removal
  • enhanced inactivation
  • synthesis of resistant pathways
  • failure to metabolize drug
24
Q

penicillin structure

A
  • derived from penicillium fungus
  • core of 6-aminopenicillanic acid
  • beta-lactam ring: active part, destroyed by beta-lactamase enzyme
    • side (R) group: determines type of penicillin
25
Q

mech of action of penicillin

A
  • inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in bacterial cell wall
  • spectrum: G +’ve +/- G-‘ve can do both
  • bactericidal
26
Q

absorption/excretion/ROA for penicillin

A

absorption: variable w half life = 30-60 min
excretion: thru kidney (90% tubular secretion), delayed by probenecid
ROA: oral, IV, IM

27
Q

what is penicillin G (benzylpenicillin)

A
  • mainly gram +’ve
  • acid labile - only parenteral
  • short acting
  • can b broken down by acid in stomach so cannot b taken orally
  • narrow spectrum
28
Q

what is penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin)

A

similar to penicillin G (relative)
but… can survive stomach acid! acid stable, can be taken orally

29
Q

what is benzathine benzylpenicillin

A

long acting penicillin (2-4 weeks) - IM injection

30
Q

what is beta-lactamase resistant penicillin examples

A

cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin

31
Q

broad spectrum penicillin examples

A

ampicillin and amoxicillin (does not resist staph aureus)

32
Q

adverse effects of penicillin

A
  • hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
  • GI sympt: nausea, diarrhea
  • superinfection: candidiasis
  • drug resistance
33
Q

penicillin resistance

A
  • destruction by beta-lactamase enzyme
  • synthesized by staphylococci
  • avoided by: clavulanic acid (potent-b-lactamase inhibitor, combined w some penicillins ex: amoxicillin), beta-lactamase resistant penicillins (ex: cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin
34
Q

cephalosporins

A
  • beta-lactam antibiotic
  • derived from cephalosporium fungus
  • action/adverse effects/resistance}similar to penicillins
35
Q

1st generation of cephalosporins

A
  • mainly gram +’ve
    ex: cefadroxil, cephalexin
36
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

gram -‘ve > gram +’ve
ex: cefaclor, cefuroxime

37
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

broad spectrum w more gram -‘ve
ex: cefotaxime, ceftriaxone

38
Q

4th generation cephalosporins

A

broad spectrum
ex: cefepime, cefpirome

39
Q

5th generation cephalosporins

A

broad spectrum + MRSA
ex: ceftaroline

40
Q

tetracyclines

mech of action:
effect:
spectrum:
Ca2+ chelation:
oral absorption:
administration:
adverse effects:
ex:

A

mech of action: reversible, inhibition of protein synthesis thru binding to 30S ribosomal subunit
effect: bacteriostatic
spectrum: broad
Ca2+ chelation: ->insoluble complex -> inactivation
oral absorption: variable
administration: oral, topical
adverse effects: delayed bone growth, tooth discoloration, photosensitivity
ex: tetracycline, doxycycline

41
Q

aminoglycosides

mech of action:
effect:
spectrum:
Ca2+ chelation:
oral absorption:
administration:
adverse effects:
ex:

A

mech of action: irreversible, inhibition of protein synthesis thru binding to 30S ribosomal subunit
effect: bactericidal
spectrum: gram -‘ve
Ca2+ chelation: n/a
oral absorption: poor
administration: IV, IM, topical
adverse effects: nephrotoxic, ototoxic
ex: gentamicin, streptomycin

42
Q

sulfonamides

A
  • 1st antimicrobial drug discovered
  • bacteriostatic
  • spectrum: gram +’ve and -‘ve
43
Q

structure of sulfonamides

A
  • derivatives of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
  • diff “R” groups -> diff types
44
Q

sulfonamides mech of action

A

reversible competitive
- decreased dihydropteroate synthetase enzyme
- decreased conversion of PABA to dihydropteroate

decrease folic acid synthesis

45
Q

trimethroprim mech of action

A
  • decreased DHFR
    (dihydrofolic acid -> tetrahydrofolic acid)
46
Q

co-trimoxzole

A

sulfamethoxazole +trimethoprim
useful for UTI’s??

47
Q

sulfonamides pharmakinetics

A
  • absorption: variable
  • carried by albumin
  • metabolized in liver
  • excreted thru kidney
48
Q

sulfonamides adverse effects

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • urinary tract obstruction
  • hemolytic anemia
49
Q

route of admin for sulfonamides

A

oral, topical

50
Q

quinolones mechinism

A
  • synthetic antibiotics
  • inhibit bacterial topoisomerase 2 (DNA gyrase) enzyme (required for transcription and DNA replication)
51
Q

quinolones spectrum, indications, administration

A

spectrum: broad
indications: complicated UTI - serious G -‘ve infections
administration: oral
ex: ciprofloxacin

PHAR 230 (31 decks)

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