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PHAR 230 > M2 L1: Autonomic Pharmacology > Flashcards

M2 L1: Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what’s contained in the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

anatomy of the parasympathetic + adrenal medulla

A

cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals
preganglionic fibers are short

side note:
adrenal medulla: will spread out to entire body bc epinephrine (check) will behave like a hormone when they come out of this and spread out throughout blood

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3
Q

anatomy of sympathetic

A

sweat glands
cardiac and smooth muscle
gland cells
nerve terminals
renal vascular smooth muscle

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4
Q

anatomy of the somatic

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

what is the ANS

A

controls involuntary organs
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscles
- glands

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6
Q

what is the SNS (sympathetic nervous sys)

A

“fight or flight”
predominates during stressful conditions

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7
Q

what is the PSNS (parasympathetic nervous sys)

A

“rest and digest”
predominates during resting conditions

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8
Q

location of CNS visceral motor neurons in SNS and PSNS

A

SNS: lateral gray horns of spinal segments t2-l2
PSNS: brain stem and spinal segments s2-s4

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9
Q

location of PNS ganglia in SNS and PSNS

A

SNS: near vertebral column
PSNS: typically intramural

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10
Q

preganglionic fiber in SNS and PSNS

A

SNS: relatively short, acetylcholine
PSNS: relatively long, acetylcholine

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11
Q

postganglionic fibers in SNS and PSNS

A

SNS: relatively long, normally NE, sometimes NO or ACh
PSNS: relatively short, acetylcholine

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12
Q

general function of SNS and PSNS

A

SNS: stim metabolism, increases alertness, prepares for emergency
PSNS: promotes relaxation, nutrient uptake, energy storage “rest and digest’

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13
Q

effects of PSNS

A
  • constricts pupils (meiosis)
  • stim flow of saliva
  • slows heartbeat, force of contraction, and bp
  • constricts bronchi, and reduces RR
  • stim peristalsis and secretion
  • stim release of bile
  • contracts bladder
  • sexual arousal, stim of sex glands
  • stim of defecation and micturition
  • stim of digestive and urinary functions
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14
Q

effects of SNS

A
  • dilates pupils (mydriasis)
  • heightened mental alertness
  • inhibits flow of saliva
  • accelerates heartbeat, force of contraction and blood pressure
  • contraction of sphincters and relaxation of walls
  • dilates bronchi
  • inhibits peristalsis and secretion
  • conversion of glycogen to glucose
  • secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • inhibits bladder contraction and digestive functions
  • increased metabolic rate and activation of energy reserves
  • activated sweat glands
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15
Q

what are 3 neurotransmitters of the SNS

A
  1. cholinergic synapses transmitters
  2. adrenergic synapses transmitters
  3. adrenal medulla transmitters
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16
Q

what are cholinergic synapses

  1. what does it release
  2. location
  3. effect
  4. fate
A
  1. release acetylcholine (Ach)
    • sympathetic ganglia: where preganglionic neurons synapse w postganglionic neurons
    • postganglionic fibers of sweat glands
  3. localized, always excitatory, persists for 20 msec
  4. broken down by enzymes (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] at synapse, and pseudocholinesterase in surrounding tissues

Only one that has acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter is a sweat gland (the rest of epinephrine, etc.)

Effect is very short, otherwise there would be drastic consequences.

Acetylcholine can be broken down by an enzyme into an acidic acid that is inactive so that adverse effects do not occur.

17
Q

adrenergic synapses
1. what does it release
2. location
3. effect
4. fate

A
  1. norepinephrine (NE)
  2. postganglionic fibers synapse w effectors (except sweat glands)
  3. localized, excitatory or inhibitory, persists for few sec
  4. 50-80% reabsorbed by varicosities to be: reused, broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme - remainder is broken down by catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme
18
Q

adrenal medulla transmitters
1. release
2. effect

A
  1. 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine
  2. generalized act as hormones, carried by bloodstream. last longer bc blood does not contain MAO or COMT.

Mostly epinephrine!
This epinephrine will be taken by blood and will act like hormone to affect entire body, then it will be broken down by MAO or COMT
Tend to last longer than local ones, because when circulating the blood they are not destroyed they are only destroyed in the tissues at the final destination because that’s where the enzymes are that break them down

19
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

protein molecules in target organs

2 classes:
- alpha receptors (α1, α2)
- beta receptors (β1, β2, β3)

E equally stim α & β receptors
NE stim α & β1 receptors

Alpha and beta receptors have subclasses
Beta 3 - sometimes ignored in books but it exists
Epinephrine acts on all of them
Norepinephrine acts on beta 1 and alpha 1 and 2, does not act on beta 2

20
Q

Describe Alpha Receptors

A
  1. Alpha-1 (α1)
    - more abundant than α2
    - excitatory effect on target cell: vasoconstriction of blood vessel, closure of sphincters

Alpha 1 most abundant
Their effects are excitatory, stim smooth muscle contraction - in blood vessels causes constriction, also can cause closure of the sphincter
Alpha 1 also causes pupil dilation

  1. Alpha-2 (α2)
    - inhibitory effect on target cell
    - help coordinate sympathetic and parasympathetic activities
    Alpha 2 has inhibitory functions. Mainly in CNS and presynaptic neurons to inhibit them. Coordinate very well between PNS and CNS. Has inhibitory effect.
21
Q

Describe Beta Receptors

A
  1. Beta-1(β1)
    - excitatory effects ex: increased smooth muscle contraction, heart rate and contractility, and bp
    - depends on where they are if they are excitatory - many in blood vessels and sphincters, mainly in the heart (excitatory, stim function of the heart thru smooth muscle contraction, stim myocardial contraction) which stimulates cardiac output. Stimulates heart rate and strong volume. also increases BP. 1 heart so beta 1!
  2. Beta-2 (β2)
    - inhibitory effects: decreased resp smooth muscle contraction -> bronchodilation, decreased smooth muscle contraction -> vasodilation
    - inhibitory, stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle relaxation, mostly respiratory system, causes bronchodilation*. To relax bronchial tree. In lung, 2 lungs so beta 2!
  3. Beta-3 (β3)
    - in adipose tissue
    - stimulation -> lipolysis
    - In adipose tissue. Not everywhere, that’s why usually forgotten. Causes lipolysis.
22
Q

alpha 1
1. primary location
2. responses

A
  1. predominantly on smooth muscle (ex: blood vessels, GI muscle, uterus)
  2. contracts smooth muscle in blood vessels and uterus. decreases motility and tone in GIT. excitation, stim of metabolism.
23
Q

alpha 2
1. primary location
2. responses

A
  1. some pre-synaptic neuronal membranes. CNS.
  2. decreases the release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic neurons.
    SNS: inhibition of effector cell.
    PSNS: inhibition of neurotransmitter release
24
Q

beta 1
1. primary location
2. responses

A
  1. heart
  2. increases heart rate and force of contraction. stim, increased energy consumption.
25
Q

beta 2
1. primary location
2. responses

A
  1. lungs, blood vessels, GI muscle, and uterus
  2. relaxes smooth muscle. inhibition, relaxation.
26
Q

neurotransmitter of the PSNS

A

all neurons release acetylcholine

fate: broken down by enzymes: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at synapse, pseudocholinesterase in surrounding tissue

Acetylcholine - short life will be broken down quickly

27
Q

cholinergic receptors (2)

A
  1. nicotinic (N):
    - sensitive to nicotine
    location:
    - Nn (neurons): autonomic ganglion cells (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
    - Nm (muscles): neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles
    - always excitatory, muscular contraction.
  2. muscarinic (M):
    - sensitive to muscarine
    location:
    - cholinergic neuromuscular or neuroglandular parasympathetic junctions
    - cholinergic sympathetic junctions (sweat glands)
    - effects are longer lasting that nicotinic receptors
    - excitatory or inhibitory
    • In mushrooms, also PSNS
    • Is toxic and poisonous in the mushroom
      Can be found in wide types of mushrooms - be very careful what mushrooms you eat!!
28
Q
A

PHAR 230 (31 decks)

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