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M6 Flashcards

1
Q

A load that is uniformly distributed over a certain area and also the
per unit of area expressed is PSI

A

Unit stress or stress

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2
Q

A kind of stress that results in the tending to stretch or lengthen the
material

A

Tensile Stress

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3
Q

A force that compresses or shortens the material

A

Compressive Stress

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4
Q

Materials having the nature of metal or containing metals

A

Metallic materials

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5
Q

Materials containing no metal

A

Non Metallic Materials

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6
Q

Iron or alloy containing iron

A

Ferrous Materials

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7
Q

Metal which contain no iron

A

Non – Ferrous Materials

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8
Q

A load that is uniformly distributed over a certain area and also the force per unit of area expressed is PSI

A

Unit stress or stress

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9
Q

A kind of stress that results in the tending to stretch or lengthen the material

A

Tensile stress

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10
Q

A force that compresses or shortens the material

A

Compressive stress

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11
Q

A force that result of two metal riveted to each other which causes sliding motion or shear

A

Shearing stress

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12
Q

A force that twist the material.

A

Torsion Stress

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13
Q

When the stress on the area is a combination of
tensile, compressive, shearing, twisting

A

Combined stress

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14
Q

When a single stress alone is considered to act

A

Simple stress

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15
Q

The ratio of a lateral strain to longitudinal unit
strain for a given material

A

Poisson’s Ratio

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16
Q

The maximum stress that can be applied to a
material without permanent deformation

A

Yield strength

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17
Q

The stress at which a material in tension,
compression, or shear will fracture

A

Ultimate strength

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18
Q

The ratio of stress to strain, within the
proportional limit of a material in tension or compression or the amount of deformation.

A

Modulus of elasticity

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19
Q

Enables a material to resist penetration, wear, or cutting action

A

Hardness

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20
Q

Ability of a material to withstand forces which tend to deform or the ability of a material to resist stress without breaking

A

Strength

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21
Q

The selection of materials should be the best compromise between the _____________
to fulfill the requested functions and all cost at the time of aircraft development

A

Quality of the material

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22
Q

Main restriction of steel is because of

A

high density >7.85 kg/dm3 (3x
the density of Al)

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23
Q

Application of steel in an aircraft

A

Between 8 and 16 %(Airbus
320: 9%, Boeing 777: 11%)

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24
Q

Primary advantages of high strength steels

A

High strength and high
modulus of elasticity

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25
Q

Steel composition

A

Iron and Carbon

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26
Q

Iron is extracted from

A

Iron ore > Pig iron( raw
material of steel)

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27
Q

Different kind of steels and are
distinguished by the specific properties

A

Steel Grades

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28
Q

Weldability is good but hardening is
unspecific and stiffness and ultimate strength is low and has carbon content of
0,05% to 0.5%

A

Construction steels

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29
Q

Can be hardened and is suitable for
annealing and surface hardening and has carbon content of 0.5% up to 0.8%

A

Carbon Steels

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30
Q

Letter used for “Structural Steel” accdg to EN 10027 standard

A

S

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31
Q

Letter used for “Mechanical Engineering Steels” or german word “Einsatzstahl”(case
hardening steel)

A

E

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32
Q

Alloy steel that is used to sustain high service loads

A
  • Low Alloy Steels( contains
    less than 5% of alloying
    element and has 0.25% to
    08% carbon)
  • HHT(High strength steel-
    Heat Treated)
  • Low alloy quenching and
    tempering steels
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33
Q

Ability of a material to be stretched and go back to its original state or recover

A

Elasticity

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34
Q

The ability of a metal to be drawn into sections without breaking and can resist deformation in tension

A

Ductility

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35
Q

The ability of a material that allows it to be
stretched o shaped by beating with a hammer or passing through rollers and can resist
deformation through compression

A

Malleability

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36
Q

The property of a material that allows it to be
deformed without breaking

A

Toughness

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37
Q

Ability of a metal to break when deformed or
hammered. It is the resistance to change in the relative position of molecules within the material

A

Brittleness

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38
Q

Ability of a material that makes it possible for
it to transmit heat or electrical conduction

A

Conductivity

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39
Q

Ability of a material that enables it to
withstand force over a period of time

A

Durability

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40
Q

Method that uses diamond tip to get the depth

A

Rockwell test

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41
Q

Method that uses a steel ball to get the area

A

Brinell test

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42
Q

Density of metal/alloy in kg/dm

A

Magnesium, 1.74
- Aluminum, 2.7
- Titanium, 4.5
- Iron (Ferrum), 7.85

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43
Q

Number of metals used in applications in technical fields

A

70 metals (chemical elements)

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44
Q

Density of heavy weight metals in kg/dm3

A

Between 7.85 and 9.5

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45
Q

A rigid body in which the constituent particles
are arranged in a repeating pattern.

A

Crystal

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46
Q

Known as the building block of a crystal

A

Unit cell

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47
Q

A unit cell that has a total of 9 atoms

A

Body-Centered-Cubic(BCC)

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48
Q

A unit cell that has a total of 14 atoms

A

Face-Centered-Cubic(FCC)

Examples are Cu, Au,Ni,Ag,Fe

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49
Q

A unit cell that has a total of 17 atoms.

A

Hexagonal-Closed-
Packed(HCP)

Examples are Co,Mg,Ti,Zn

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50
Q

Alloy steels that re corrosion resistant, has
anti chafing properties, wear resistance and
eat resistance and these are also stainless steels that is respectively high alloy steels.

A
  • High Alloy Steels(contains
    >12% chromium)
  • CRES( Corrosion Resistant
    Steel)
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51
Q

HHT steel that is the common steel alloy
for use in the 180-200 ksi range

A

4130

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52
Q

HHT steel that has a strength range of 200 ksi up to 280 ksi and commonly used in
260-280 ksi range

A

4340

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53
Q

HHT steel that is commonly used is
landing gear components and has 240-290 ksi range

A

300M

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54
Q

A process that increases the yield strength by temperature depending solution of
aluminum atoms within the iron-crystal

A

Precipitation Hardening(PH)

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55
Q

Small surface damage such as scratches,
nicks, or corrosion

A

Notch sensitivity

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56
Q

Occurs when low – alloyed steel are
deformed chipless in the cold state

A

Cold shortness sensitivity

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57
Q

An accidental application of heat such as
mechanical processing/ overheating during
flight

A

Temperature sensitivity

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58
Q

Any wetting with acidic fluids or
Mordants can lead to

A

Hydrogen Embrittlement

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59
Q

Applicable for steel components, which
are hardened and have to be softened for mechanical processing, also called the zero
state

A

Soft Annealing( becomes austenite: soft and ductile:

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60
Q

Serve for structure refinement and
releasing internal stresses in the component

A

Normalizing and Stress Relief
Annealing

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61
Q

Stainless steels are treated on when

A

in contact with lightweight alloys and the protection is for the other material not the stainless steel.

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62
Q

Used in aerospace industry because of light weight, high strength, heat resistant, corrosion resistant and has approximately 56% of the density of steal

A

Titanium

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63
Q

Tensile strength of pure aluminum is

A

Between 300 and 700 N/m2

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64
Q

When Titanium is exposed to temperature above ____ it must be protected from the atmosphere.
Contact with media which releases hydrogen is dangerous for titanium, especially when heated above ______ because this leads to____

A
  • 450 degrees Celsius

-150 degrees Celsius

  • hydrogen embrittlement
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65
Q

Heat resistance of titanium alloy when used in compressor blades

A

520 degrees Celsius

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66
Q

This metal is three times lighter than steel and has a melting point of 660oC

A
  • Aluminum( Bauxite)
    • one pound has more than
    twice the electrical
    conductivity of copper
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67
Q

Aluminum alloys that has good flowability in the liquid state

A

Cast Aluminum Alloys

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68
Q

Aluminum alloys that can be formed non-cutting in the cold state, which means the can be drawn, clenched, milled and forged.

A

Wrought aluminum alloys

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69
Q

The process of increasing the strength of aluminum alloys

A

Strain Hardening

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70
Q

A process that means to permanently weld metals layers onto a basis material, whilst applying high pressure.

A

Cladding

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71
Q

Thickness of clad layers

A

3-5%(sheets with thickness
that exceeds 6mm are not
cladded

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72
Q

Aluminum alloy that undergoes natural aging

A

2024( solidifies in 3-8 days,
after 8 hrs, 90% of strength is
achieved)

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73
Q

Aluminum alloy that undergoes artificial aging and the temp is about 120-200 degrees Celsius

A

7075(solidifies in 6-7 hrs)

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74
Q

Quenching interval

A

5-15 seconds

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75
Q

State of material after quenching

A

W-State

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76
Q

Carried out in aluminum alloys to bring the material into the minimum state of hardness and strength, whilst achieving the maximum stretch

A

Soft Annealing(zero state and
done between 400-454oC)

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77
Q

AlCuMg-alloy in a soft annealed temper which is the 0-state

A

2024-0

78
Q

AlCuMg-alloy in a hardened temper, and is solution annealed, quenched, strain hardened and naturally aged

A

2024-T3

79
Q

AlZnCuMg-alloy in a hardened temper, and is solution annealed, quenched, and artificially aged

A

7075-T6

80
Q

A layered composite material that is a member of a family of materials called FML. An is an optimized FML for aircraft and consist of alternating layers of aluminum and glass fibre prepreg layers

A
  • GLass Aluminum REinforced
    Laminate
  • Used on fuselage skin
    structures on A380, aircraft
    cargo bay floors and liners,
    aircraft cargo explosive
    resistant containers
81
Q

Materials that consist of thin layers of metal sheet and unidirectional fibre layers embedded in an adhesive system

A

Fibre Metal Laminate(FML)

82
Q

Adhesives that are best used inside the aircraft structures

A

Phenolic Resins

83
Q

Resins that are best used in aircraft
external structures.

A

Epoxy Resins

84
Q

A chemical reaction, generally carried out
in a presence of a catalyst, which combines small molecules(monomers), containing a double bond into a long chain molecules

A

Polymerization(Multiplicatio
n)

85
Q

Monomer molecules may be:

A

Ethylene polymerizing to Polyethylene (PE)

Styrene polymerizing to Polystyrene (PS)

Vinyl - chloride polymerizing to Polyvinyl-chloride (PVC)

86
Q

A chemical reaction between two similar or dissimilar basis units which have at least two functional groups

A

Polycondensation

87
Q

Most famous product of polycondensation

A

Phenol – formaldehyde
(Bakelite)

88
Q

Reaction of two different types of
molecules when reactive groups are
brought together

A

Polyaddition

89
Q

Most famous products of polyaddition

A

Polyurethane and Epoxies

90
Q

Most famous products of polyaddition

A

Polyurethane and Epoxies

91
Q

Term used to describe two or more
materials that are combined to form a much stronger structure than either material itself and is used mainly to reduce weight

A

Composite

92
Q

Bonding substance of composite and most
likely be liquid in form

A

Matrix

93
Q

A reinforcing material in composite and
most likely be in solid form

A

Fabric

94
Q

The third component of a composite
structure

A

Core Material

95
Q

Made from small strands of molten silica glass and then spun together and woven into cloth but weighs more and has less
strength than other reinforcing material

A

Fibreglass

96
Q

Hybrid fiberglass

A

Quartz – fiber

97
Q

Fibreglass is mainly used in

A

Nose Radome

98
Q

Characterized by its yellow colour,
lightweight and its excellent tensile strength

A
  • Aramid Fibres(KEVLAR)
99
Q

Has good mechanical properties and is very strong and stiff, which is mainly used for its rigid properties and good compressive strength but more brittle than KEVLAR

A
  • Black Graphite/ Carbon
    Fiber
    • Corrosive when bonded to
    aluminum
100
Q

Style of fabric which denominates fibres which are combined to fibre bundles in large amount without any twist and nearly parallel.

A

Roving

101
Q

When many rovings are laying side by side in a mat, it is called

A

Unidirectional tape

102
Q

Area measured materials which are not oven and made out of or cut or non-cut, multidirectional laying fibres which are fixed by sprayed on binder

A

Mats

103
Q

They are area measured materials which cross rectangularly with warp threads and filling threads.

A

Fabrics

104
Q

Fibers that are already impregnated with resin in the production process and then cooled down very fast which start to cure when heat is applied.

A

Prepreg/ Pre-impregnated
Fibres

105
Q

Used to connect GFRP (resin – resin
connection

A

Standard – Prepreg

106
Q

Used to connect GFRP laminates with honeycombs or sheet metal parts

A

Bonding – Prepregs

107
Q

Percentage of resin in and Elitrex

A

Prepreg Resin Content
Standard 38%
Bonding 50%

108
Q

During the curing process in an
autoclave or in a heating press, 18-20% of resin is pressed out

A

Resinflux

109
Q

Layers that build up a monolithic
wall

A

5 layers

110
Q

Layers that build up a honeycomb
or sandwich

A

7 layers

111
Q

A type of construction where a core
material is the center member of the assembly

A

Sandwich construction

112
Q

A process which the bonding of
honeycomb is done one at a time

A

Corrugation process

113
Q

A process which the bonding of
honeycomb is done with all materials bonded simultaneously

A

Expansion process

114
Q

Used to bond two or more surfaces
together. Used to distribute stresses at bonding points and are moisture and corrosion resistant and eliminates the need for bolts and rivets

A

Adhesives

115
Q

Known as polymerization
adhesives and used as a modifier of natural adhesives to perform better have a greater range of application

A

Synthetic adhesives

116
Q

Synthetic adhesive or natural
adhesives based on Silicon

A

Elastomeric Adhesives

117
Q

Transformed into tough, heat
resistant solids by the addition of catalyst or by application of heat e.g. epoxy resins

A

Thermosetting adhesives

118
Q

Atmospheric pressure is used to
press two solids together so there will be no air between the two plane parallel surface

A

Contact adhesives

119
Q

Contains plastic and resins
dissolved in a solvent

A

Solvent adhesives

120
Q

Adhesives dissolved in water
solution

A

Dispersion adhesives

121
Q

Bonding of Same Material

A

Cohesive

122
Q

Bonding of different material

A

Adhesive

THERMOSET is irreversible

THERMOPLASTIC is reversible by application of
heat

123
Q

Used in high-tech composites
because their mechanical properties are superior to those of polyesters

A

Epoxy resins(can cause
dermatitis)

124
Q

The most important factor for
bonding, and is frequently expressed with the contact angle that is formed between a droplet of a liquid and a solid

A

Surface wetting

125
Q

Takes into account that the
adhesives must penetrate into the cavities before curing to prevent bubbles

A

Mechanical Hooking

126
Q

Denomination of a process to
abrade the bonding surfaces with a
chemical treatment in order to enlarge the adhesive surface

A

Pickling

127
Q

A result with a contact with a sharp
object and only the surface of are affected and the edges are sharp

A

Scratch

128
Q

Damage to a surface caused by
scuffing, rubbing, or scraping of the
component

A

Abrasion

129
Q

When humidity penetrates a
sandwich structure this happens

A

Corrosion in sandwich
structures

130
Q

Separation of materials or
laminates

A

Debonding

131
Q

Separation of plies and mostly
because of resin failure

A

Delamination

132
Q

Method used to detect water
absorption

A

NDT/ Thermograph

133
Q

A deformity caused by extraneous
forces, which are applied to the structure

A

Depression or Dent

134
Q

Repair recommended for small
damage on honeycomb materials and loses half of the material’s original strength

A

Filling repair

135
Q

Consist of applying several layers
of fabric material impregnated with a resin onto the repair surface, in order to restore the damaged skin.

A

Wet Lay – Up

136
Q

The amount of time you have to
work with the resins

A

Pot Life

137
Q

The time which the product is still
good in an open container

A

Shelf Life

138
Q

A term used if there is too much
resin applied

A

Resin rich

139
Q

Defines as an undesirable, natural
reaction of materials with substances in their environments

A

Corrosion(derived from Latin
word corrodere which means
“gnawing away”)

140
Q

Occurs due to the tendency of most
metals to return to their natural state by combining it with atmospheric oxygen

A
  • Corrosion of metals

Noble Metals such as gold and platinum do not
corrode since they are chemically pure.

141
Q

Corrosion on the surface grains of
the metal because of its crystalline structure and happens at the boundaries between grains

A

Intercristalline corrosion

142
Q

Material used as coating of a metal
and used as anti-corrosion

A

Pure aluminum coating
(AlClad)

143
Q

Preventive measures on corrosion

A

Steel requires cadmium plating, zinc
plating and aluminum coating, etc.

Aluminum alloys are usually anodized

Magnesium and magnesium alloys
requires special chemical and
electrochemical treatments and paint
finishes.

144
Q

The corrosion process that takes
place at the surface of the electrode under the influence of electrolyte and creates a half cell

A

Electrochemical Reaction

145
Q

Consist of two half cells and a
noble metal and a base metal, which serves as electrodes and are each in a sulfate solution

A

Galvanic cell

146
Q

Emitting of electrons

A

Oxidation

147
Q

Absorbing of electrons

A

Reduction

Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

148
Q

Corrosion that happens without the
presence of electrolyte

A

Chemical corrosion

149
Q

Electrically conductive fluid or
moisture

A

Electrolyte

150
Q

A galvanic dissolution that
commonly occurs between adjacent
components, whose metals have different electrochemical potential and under the influence of electrolyte

A

Electrochemical Corrosion

151
Q

Also called the Microbes corrosion
and is caused y a direct chemical attack of metabolic products of microorganisms

A

Biological corrosion

152
Q

When mechanical forces act on a
component which leads to corrosion

A

Stress corrosion

153
Q

Used as protection on titanium

A

Chromium acid anodize

154
Q

Used as lubricant for fastener

A
  • Cetylalkohol
    Most cathodic is Carbon
    Most anodic is Magnesium
155
Q

Occurs when two dissimilar metals
make electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte

A

Galvanic Corrosion

156
Q

The most common type of
corrosion on aluminum and magnesium and appears a white powdery deposit and the starting point for intergranular corrosion

A

Pitting Corrosion

157
Q

A corrosion on the grain
boundaries of the metal and occurs when cladding is damaged

A

Intergranular Corrosion

158
Q

Mostly seen on extruded sections,
this advanced type of intergranular
corrosion exhibits itself by lifting up the surface of a metal by force

A

Exfoliation Corrosion

159
Q

Results in the rubbing movement
between two heavily loaded surfaces and can eventually cause cracking fatigue

A

Fretting Corrosion

160
Q

A corrosion cause by bacteria,
fungi or yeast in an unclean fuel and looks like a sludge like deposit.

A

Microbial Corrosion

161
Q

Necessary if a contamination of
fuel tank is detected

A

Biocide (kathon or biobor)

162
Q

Occurs between two materials that
come into contact, metallic or non-metallic

A
  • Crevice Corrosion
    Solid rivets are Self-sealing fasteners
    For shearing loads in fasteners small
    head is used for weight saving
163
Q

Thread formed on a cylinder is
known as

A

Straight or Parallel Thread

164
Q

If groove is formed on the external

A

Male thread

165
Q

If groove is formed internal

A

Female Thread

166
Q

Thread formed and cut onto a
conical part

A

Taper thread

167
Q

Shape of one complete contour

A

Form

168
Q

Prominent point of the thread

A

Crest

169
Q

Bottom point of the thread groove

A

Root

170
Q

Slope of the thread between the
root and crest

A

Flank

171
Q

A screw that has a deeper thread
and have fewer threads

A

Coarse Pitch

172
Q

A screw that have a stronger root
portion, tighter grip and more resistant to shaking loose

A

Fine Pitch

173
Q

Most common thread form and
shaped to combine strength with ease of
engagement

A
  • Vee Thread Install bolts and screws foremost and uppermost
174
Q

It is where the code marking of
aircraft bolts are identified

A
  • Bolt head
    NE = Long Thread
    NF= Short Thread
175
Q

A piece of rod, threaded at each
end with a plain portion in the middle

A

Stud

176
Q

A piece of a hexagonal metal bar,
drilled and tapped through its axial center –
line

A

Stud box

177
Q

Used extensively to secure thin –
gauge sheet metal parts where nuts and bolts are either impractical or too expensive

A

Self-Tapping Screws

178
Q

is used when a slight range of
movement is necessary to ensure the bolt can locate

A

Anchor Nuts

179
Q

Permit each thread to adjust to the
screw and assure full load distribution throughout the entire length of the thread

A

Heli – Coil Inserts

180
Q

A process of securing all aircraft
bolts, nuts, screws, pins and other fasteners so that they do not work loose due to vibration

A

Safetying

181
Q

Most common method of wire
locking

A

Double - Twist Method

182
Q

Most positive and satisfactory
method of safetying and is a method of wiring together two or more units in such a manner that any tendency of one to loosen is counteracted by the tightening of the wire

A

Wirelocking

183
Q

used to secure bolts, screws, nuts
and pins

A

Cotter Pins

184
Q

Given to a specially – shaped piece
of metal that is used to transmit at
considerable mechanical power from a shaft to hub

A

Keys

185
Q

Deformed portion of the Rivet

A
  • Upset Head

Rivet diameter is at least 3 times the thickness of the thickest sheet being joined

186
Q

a process which a rivet material
have to be heat treated before using them in the manufacturing process

A
  • Solution Annealing(Annealed at 495deg celcius and
    quenched at 20 deg celcius)

At -18deg celcius
temperature rivets can be stored for up to 7 days

At -20 deg celcius
temperature rivets can be stored for up to
20 days

187
Q

the time between opening the
furnace or removing the rivets from the salt bath and the complete immersion of the load into the quenching medium

A

Quench Delay

188
Q

The time, within which the rivets
must be upset, at room temp. 25 degrees Celsius

A

Maximum Handling Time

189
Q

A tapered bolt with a threaded end
and a self – locking nut and used in areas where a high fatigue performance is required

A

Taper – Lok

190
Q

A combination of a rivet and a nut,
resembling a hollow rivet with threads inside its shank

A

Rivnut

191
Q

Combined thickness of the material
to be joined

A

Grip Length

MTP (14 decks)

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