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M4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a semiconductor

A

Are elements or compounds which, under normal conditions, contain relatively few free (moving) electrons

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2
Q

The most important elements that are used for semiconductor are

A

Silicon and Germanium

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3
Q

At 0 degrees Kelvin a semi conductor is a

A

Non conductor

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4
Q

When the temperature increases, an electron can be thrown off its atom and a positive charge remains which is called

A

Defect Electron or electron hole

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5
Q

Electrons and electron hole permit the transport of

A

Charge

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6
Q

The Conductive mechanism in a crystal is called

A

Bipolar

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7
Q

What is a semiconductor diode

A

A kind of valve for electrical current. Allows only one flow of direction

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8
Q

Consist of a semiconductive single crystal with a p-area and n-area.

A

Single Crystal Semiconductor diodes

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9
Q

The process where impurities are deliberately added to create conductivity

A

Doping

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10
Q

Threshold voltage of silicon

A

0.7

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11
Q

Threshold Voltage of germanium

A

0.3

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12
Q

Diode will only allow a current to flow completely through the junction at voltage above this level called

A

Threshold Voltage

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13
Q

Is caused by residual impurities in the crystal and is due to the fact that heat waves cause crystal bonds to break down

A

Reverse Biased Current

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14
Q

What will happen to semiconductor diode if the voltage in the direction of the depletion zone is too high, and depletion zone breakthrough occurs

A

destroyed

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15
Q

Silicon monocrystals can handle temperatures of approx.

A

200°C

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16
Q

Germanium monocrystals are destroyed at a temperature of

A

100°C

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17
Q

How many amperes does a silicon permissible in forward biased currents

A

1000 amperes

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18
Q

Maximum permissible reverse voltage for silicon diodes

A

5kv

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19
Q

A type of single crystal semiconductor diode that are mainly used in communication technology. Their maximumforward biased current lies mostly far below one ampere

A

Microdiodes

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20
Q

A type of single crystal semiconductor diode that are primarily used for electrical power supply devices.
Their maximum forward biased currents can be as much as 10 amperes

A

Rectifier Diodes

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21
Q

A type of single crystal semiconductor diode that have maximum forward biased currents of approximately 10 to 1000 amperes. They are used in rectifier circuits for large power outputs

A

High Power Diodes

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22
Q

A diode will show a ________ if wired in the reverse bias direction

A

very high resistance (open circuit)

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23
Q

A diode will show a forward bias direction

A

very low resistance

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24
Q

If the diode is faulty in the_______
then the reading will be high resistance or open circuit in both directions

A

Open circuit condition

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25
Q

When a multimeter is set to the diode test position it will supply a voltage sufficient to forward and reverse bias of diode. This voltage will be approx

A

2.5-3.5 volts

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26
Q

If the diode has failed and it show zero or nearly zero in both direction

A

short circuit condition

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27
Q

If the voltages to be blocked by the diodes exceed the maximum permissible reverse voltage of a diode, several diodes may be connected in

A

Series

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28
Q

Connecting diodes in this position is possible in general but has several limitations

A

Parallel

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29
Q

Diodes can be used to decouple electrical components

A

Decoupling Network

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30
Q

Diodes can also be used to short circuit the back emf that occurs when switching off relays

A

Free Wheeling

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31
Q

The main application of diodes is the usage as a

A

Rectifier

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32
Q

Transforms alternating current in direct current

A

Rectifier

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33
Q

Also called half wave rectifier. The most simple rectifier that only requires one diode

A

Single wave rectifier

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34
Q

A much better rectifier that supplies both half waves to the load but it needs a transformer with a double coil or tapped coil and two diodes

A

Full Wave Rectifier

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35
Q

A rectifier that also supplies both half waves. It requires 4 diodes for AC but six for 3 phase system. The diodes function as a Directional Signpost and also known as WYE rectifier

A

Bridge Circuits

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36
Q

Are used in brushless generators

A

Rectifiers

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37
Q

These units transform AC power to DC power with a lower voltage

A

Transformer Rectifier Unit

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38
Q

Are silicon diodes with a specifically defined steep breakdown in the reverse biased direction

A

Z diodes

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39
Q

States that after reaching a critical field strength, valence electrons are torn out of their lattice structure.

A

Zener effect

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40
Q

Zener effect is further supported by an

A

Avalanche effect

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41
Q

It shows a very steep curve, means that the dynamic resistance is especially small in the breakdown area

A

Z diodes

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42
Q

Are mainly used to regulate electrical voltage

A

Z diodes

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43
Q

Are important in all areas of electronics as sensors as well as visual signalling devices

A

Optoelectronic components

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44
Q

As the name statea, they are semiconductor diodes that emit light

A

LED

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45
Q

In LED, the colour of the light depends on the ______material that is used

A

Semiconductor

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46
Q

Are used for a variety of signalling and indicating purposes

A

LED

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47
Q

LED has a normal life span of

A

6 to 11 years

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48
Q

Are used for controlling devices in industry, for photoelectric beams and for monitoring manufacturing facilities and are also used in communication technology

A

Infrared LEDs

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49
Q

What is the polarity for LED

A

Forward biased direction

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50
Q

If the LED breakdown voltages in reverse direction are between 20 and 50 volts ,what is tbe switching times for red emitting light diodes

A

50 nanoseconds

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51
Q

If the LED breakdown voltages in reverse direction are between 20 and 50 volts, what is the switching times for green light emitting diodes

A

400 nanoseconds

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52
Q

In normal operation, the forward biased current of LED is somewhere between

A

5 mA - 40 mA

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53
Q

In normal operation, the forward biased current of LED is somewhere between

A

5 mA - 40 mA

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54
Q

Are semiconductors with a P-N junction that is exposed to light

A

Photodiodes

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55
Q

The polarity for this type of diode are always connected in reverse direction

A

Photodiode

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56
Q

If the P-N junction is illuminated, charges will be created in this area

A

Depletion Area

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57
Q

Photodiode characteristic in the amount of current in reverse direction is _______
to the amount of light

A

Proportional

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58
Q

Are no diodes, but they are made of semiconductor material

A

Light Dependent Resistor

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59
Q

Are semiconductor components without depletion zone, which change their effective resistance in accordance with an photoelectric effect

A

Light Dependent Resistor

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60
Q

In an electric circuit they behave like ohmic resistors, their resistance value is independent of the direction of current and they can be used in circuits with DC and AC

A

Light Dependent Resistor

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61
Q

Are especially useful for measuring low levels of illumination

A

Light Dependent Resistor

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62
Q

Are mostly used in LDR production

A

Cadmium, Lead and indium compounds

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63
Q

Are optoelectronic coupling elements used for transmitting signals while galvanic separating the input and output ports

A

Optical Coupling Devices

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64
Q

OCD contain at least one ______ on the input side and a ___ on the output

A

Transmitter Chip, Receiver Chip

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65
Q

A receiver that is most often used in OCD output side

A

Phototransistors

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66
Q

2 different types of phototransistors

A

Phototransistors with base and without base

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67
Q

LASCRs means

A

Light activated silicon controlled rectifiers

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68
Q

A coupling method where the light is reflected within the housing

A

Direct coupling

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69
Q

A coupling method where the light is reflected within a plastic coupling medium

A

Indirect Coupling

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70
Q

Insulation test voltages for OCD

A

between 4 and 15 kiloVolts

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71
Q

The insulation resistance of OCD is in the

A

Terra ohm region

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72
Q

It is called Varistor

A

Voltage Dependant Resistor

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73
Q

They are both no diodes but are made of semiconductor material

A

Voltage Dependant Resistor and Light
Dependent Resistor

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74
Q

The resistance level of varistor depends on the ____ that is applied

A

Voltage

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75
Q

The resistance of VDR decreases with the voltage_____

A

Increasing

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76
Q

Are chiefly used to protect systems against excess voltage

A

Varistor

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77
Q

They can also be used to regulate voltages and suppress interference in DC motors as well as for lightning protection and for protecting contacts against cut off currents in the case of inductors

A

Varistor

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78
Q

VDR consists of small highly conductive Zinc oxide particles that is covered with an extremely thin barrier that are

A

Sintered Together

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79
Q

Are fast electronic switches up to 10kHz and are diodes with control terminals or gates

A

Thyristor

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80
Q

They operate at voltages below the zero sweep voltage and can be switched from high resistance to low resistance by a change of voltage at the gate

A

Thyristor

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81
Q

Using this, very large currents and high power levels can be switched

A

Thyristor

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82
Q

Are constructed in four alternating layers, P-N-P-N, so that the three P-N junctions form between the layers

A

Thyristor

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83
Q

The transition from blocking mode to conducting mode takes place at certain voltage which is called the

A

Zero Sweep Voltage

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84
Q

If the thyristor is in low resistance state, a negative current applied to the control electrode will _____ return to its original high resistance state

A

Not

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85
Q

Thyristor in low resistance state can only return to its high resistance state if the electrical current falls a specific value called

A

Holding Current

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86
Q

In order to keep the thyristor from overheating, it must be

A

Cooled

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87
Q

The highest permissible voltages for thyristor are between

A

100 and 8000 volts

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88
Q

A Power supply which thyristors can controlled easily

A

DC

89
Q

Thyristors also function as ______
because when they are oriented with a negative voltage at the anode, one half wave of the Alternating current cannot pass through

A

Rectifier

90
Q

The control voltages are constantly released after a specific phase angle called

A

Ignition Delay Angle

91
Q

The thyristor only lets a part of the positive half wave pass . Evey half wave is “cut into” this is called

A

Phase Angle Control

92
Q

When the half wave rectifier is followed by a set of filters, the output voltage is

A

Smoothed

93
Q

A triac or____ is in principle the wiring of two thyristors in an antiparallel circuits.

A

Bidirectional triode resistor

94
Q

It is switched into low resistance mode by applying an electrical current to the control electrode in either direction

A

Triac

95
Q

Triac has no cut off region but it does have a

A

Blocking region and gateway region

96
Q

It can block current and let it pass in both directions of current flow, useful in regulating AC

A

Triac

97
Q

Triac means

A

Triode Alternating current Switch

98
Q

Today, they are only being built to take load currents of about 20A, so it is only possible to use them for medium range power outputs

A

Triac

99
Q

Is used as a fast electronic switch or regulator for small and medium DC voltages and currents

A

Transistor

100
Q

Three terminals of transistor

A

Emitter, base, Collector

101
Q

If the arrow points outside the transistor it is a

A

NPN Transistor

102
Q

The first layer emits charge carries called

A

Emitter

103
Q

The middle layer or base region of the transistor. Its function is to control the emission of the charge carries

A

Base

104
Q

The last layer that collect charges

A

Collector

105
Q

Require the base voltage and the collector voltage to be positive in respect to the emitter

A

NPN Transistor

106
Q

Require the base voltage and the collector voltage to be negative in respect to the emitter

A

PNP Transistor

107
Q

The ratio of the collector current to the base current is called

A

Current Amplification

108
Q

Normally only one voltage source is used to supply current to both the base emitter and collector emitter circuit. The voltage for the base is provided by

A

Voltage divider

109
Q

Are arrangements of several electronic components in a common housing

A

Integrated Circuits

110
Q

Its major advantage is the very high density of the components, the total arrangement therefore will be very contact

A

Integrated Circuits

111
Q

They are quite resistant to mechanical stress and are very cheap

A

Integrated Circuits

112
Q

The small housing and therefore the small surface is a disadvantage because some additional cooling might be required. To overcome this it must attached a

A

Heat sink or fan

113
Q

A defective IC must always be

A

Replaced

114
Q

Components that are integrated in ICs are

A

Transistors, diodes, resistors ,capacitors

115
Q

Usually cannot be integrated due to their large space requirement

A

Inductors

116
Q

They can be found in each and every modern appliance, in analouges as well as digital ones

A

ICs

117
Q

Usually ICs are made from

A

very pure silicon

118
Q

Consists of several amplifer stages

A

Operational Amplifiers

119
Q

Is always a differential amplifier with two inputs and one output

A

Operational Amplifiers

120
Q

Are manufactured using integrated technology and usually have very small dimensions

A

Operational Amplifiers

121
Q

Can amplify both AC and DC

A

Operational Amplifiers

122
Q

How many input terminals does an Operational Amplifiers have

A

two

123
Q

An input terminal that is usually designated with a minus sign

A

inverting

124
Q

An input terminal that is usually designated with a plus sign

A

Non inverting

125
Q

Have been used primarily in analogue computers, which is where they get their name from

A

Operational Amplifiers

126
Q

It can be created with Op amplifiers by using corresponding input and feedback networks

A

Electronic Voltage regulators

127
Q

A regulator with a fixed ratio between input and output voltage (proportional)

A

P regulator

128
Q

A regulator where the duration a voltage is applied to the input to determine the output voltage (integrator). Actual value of error

A

I regulator

129
Q

A regulator where the change in input voltage will determine the output voltage (differentiator). Percentage error

A

D regulator

130
Q

It was used since the 1970s and been popular medium installation of electronic components. They consist of a board, nowadays usually composites

A

PCB

131
Q

Boards with several layers inside the board, up to 13 layers are used called

A

Multilayer Techniques

132
Q

Two manufacturing process of PCB

A

Subtractive process and additive process

133
Q

Are mainly used as components in electromechanical servo systems and positioning waves on a specific functional angles

A

Synchros

134
Q

Two different types of servo systems

A

Open loop Systems and Closed loop Systems

135
Q

The input position is converted to an electrical signal and this demand signal is amplified and sent to the motor to position the load. This is unsuitable for close tolerance use

A

Open Loop System

136
Q

The signal is sent from the input, through the amplifier to the output motor and the load just as in the open loop system.

A

Closed Loop system

137
Q

The difference between the actual position and demanded position is called

A

Error signal

138
Q

The signal of output position which is sent back to the comparator is referred to as

A

feedback signal

139
Q

A servo system where the rotor of the receiver follows the rotor of the transmitter is also referred to as

A

Follow up

140
Q

Its application is to add or subtract angles. It has 3 coils wired in a star connection on the rotor, which has a circular cross section so it does not influence the magnetic field of the stator

A

Differential Transmitter

141
Q

Have coils in the stator and the rotor which are displayed by 90 degrees from each other. It can be used just like a control synchro for transmitting angles

A

Resolver

142
Q

LVDT means

A

Linear Variable Differential Transformer

143
Q

Is used to transfer linear movements but also angular movements such as rudder deflections

A

LVDT

144
Q

Configurations which vary the coupling of the primary coils with the secondary coils by rotating the iron core are known

A

RVDT

145
Q

RVDT means

A

Rotating Variable Differential Transducers

146
Q

Its principle can be used to measure position or speed of a component

A

Inductance transmitter

147
Q

Arrangement for inductance transmitters often referred to as

A

Proximity Switch

148
Q

Its principle can be used as a method of measuring fuel level

A

Capacitance transmitter

149
Q

It is a component which can hold a charge on two plates separated by a material known as DIELECTRIC

A

Capacitor

150
Q

It shows what happens in the forward area.

A

Curve

151
Q

Do not block an electrical current one hundred percent

A

Semiconductor diodes

152
Q

Maximum permissible reverse voltage for germanium

A

Must be less than 200v

153
Q

Different names of microdiodes

A

Junction diodes, point-contact or planar diodes

154
Q

Breakdown voltage of z diodes especially good properties

A

5-7v

155
Q

Breakdown voltage of z diodes

A

2.7v up to 100v

156
Q

The power for the rotating field is induced by the

A

Exciter generator

157
Q

Resulting current is rectified by

A

Rotating diodes

158
Q

Breakdown voltages in the reverse direction of LED

A

20-50v

159
Q

Forward bias voltage of an LED

A

1.4v and 4.5v

160
Q

LDR they can handle voltages anywhere from

A

20v to 300v

161
Q

Much higher current amplification can be achieved using

A

Darlington transistors as receivers

162
Q

Permissible ampere of thyristor

A

3A (mircrothyristor) and 4500A (macrothyristor)

163
Q

Phase control produce

A

Harmonic oscillation

164
Q

Unchanged properties

A

Intrinsic Conductivity

165
Q

If the voltage in the direction of the depletion zone is too high, a depletion zone breakthrough occurs and in most cases the semiconductor diode will be destroyed

A

Peak Inverse Voltage

166
Q

In measuring forward bias the measured voltage is the?

A

Threshold Voltage

167
Q

In measuring reverse bias the voltage measured is the

A

Internal voltage of the meter

168
Q

Diodes in series the measured voltage is lower or higher

A

Lower

169
Q

Diodes in parallel the measured current is lower or higher?

A

Higher

170
Q

Only allow light to reach the surface because the underlying gallium arsenic substrate is opaque

A

Red LED

171
Q

Consist of three sequential semiconductor layers

A

Transistor

172
Q

Has two P-N junction where depletion layers form like in diodes

A

Transistor

173
Q

Are usually supplied with both a positive and negative operating voltage

A

Operational amplifiers

174
Q

The ideal operational amplifier has

A

• amplification which is nearly infinite
• Input resistance which is almost infinite
• Small output resistance
• Input voltage of approximately zero volts

175
Q

Boards are used that are not laminated with copper

A

Additive process

176
Q

Boards laminated with copper on one or both sides are used

A

Subtractive process

177
Q

Are similar in construction to alternating current generators

A

Synchros

178
Q

Are manufactured with a diameter of 0.5 and 3.7 INCHES

A

Synchros

179
Q

Work likes a three phase transformers

A

Synchros

180
Q

Operate with analogue voltages and currents they are analog transducers

A

Synchros

181
Q

2 types of syncros

A

Torque Synchros & Control Synchros

182
Q

works like a chain / generate torque

A

Torque synchro

183
Q

output is voltage / does not generate torque

A

Control synchro

184
Q

It delivers a voltage which depends on the differential angle between the transmitter rotor and receiver rotor

A

Control synchros

185
Q

If both shafts are turned in the same direction what is the result?

A

subtraction

186
Q

If the shafts are rotated in opposite directions

A

Addition

187
Q

TORQUE TRANSMITTER

A

TX

188
Q

TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER

A

TDX

189
Q

TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL RECEIVER

A

TDR

190
Q

TORQUE RECEIVER

A

TR

191
Q

CONTROL TRANSMITTER

A

CX

192
Q

CONTROL DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER

A

CDX

193
Q

CONTROL TRANSFORMER

A

CT

194
Q

RESOLVER TRANSMITTER

A

RX

195
Q

RESOLVER DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER

A

RDX

196
Q

RESOLVER TRANSFORMER

A

RC

197
Q

Larger rotation moments are required than a torque synchro chain

A

Servo system

198
Q

Transmitter and the receiver are electrically and mechanically identical

A

Torque synchro

199
Q

happens when there is a differential angle between Transmitter rotor and the receiver rotor

A

Torque moment

200
Q

happens when the voltage in the direction of the depletion zone is too high

A

Peak Inverse Voltage

201
Q

rotor axis is aligned with the axis of the stator coil

A

Rotor Angle

202
Q

Heats the semiconductor crystal

A

Maximum Forward current

203
Q

has the form of a sine wave

A

Excitation Voltage

204
Q

used as components in electromechanical servo Systems

A

Synchro

205
Q

Forward current exceed the max forward Current of individual diode, diode will explode

A

Diodes in Parallel

206
Q

collector base diode is in the blocking direction

A

Collector/Emitter Voltage

207
Q

allows the light to reach the surface

A

RED LEDS

208
Q

diodes with control terminals or gates

A

Thyristors

209
Q

achived by means of reverse coupling

A

Dampening

210
Q

what external connection will be used to determine the function of the circuit

A

Negative FeedBack

211
Q

used to isolate electrical components

A

decoupling Network

212
Q

What do you call the maximum voltage that can be applied to a diode and once exceeded can damage a diode?

A

Peak inverse voltage

213
Q

What is the use of a rectifier on a brushless generator?

A

Exciter Generator

214
Q

Junction of a transistor that can be controlled

A

Between base emitter junction

215
Q

Similar in construction to alternating cu generators manufacture with a diameter between 0.5 and 3.7 inches?

A

Synchros

216
Q

Used to split an input angle into its sine and cosine components?

A

Resolver

217
Q

What is the difference of a thyristor to a transistor?

A

Latching, thyristor only has latching while transistor don’t have.

218
Q

Principle wiring of two thyristor, one crystal have common junction

A

TRIAC

MTP (14 decks)

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