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Biostat Lab > M5 and M6 > Flashcards

M5 and M6 Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of the outbreak of acute infectious diseases.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

This also refers to the study of the distribution and determinants (causes, risk factors) of diseases or conditions in a defined population.

It is the scientific discipline of public health to study diseases in the community to acquire knowledge for health care of the society

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

defined as the study of how disease spreads and can be controlled.

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in the population (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global).

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

the sum of the factors controlling the presence of or absence of disease or pathogen, how often diseases occur in different groups of population, hence it is the backbone of Public Health.

A

Epidemiology

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF SUBCLINICAL DISEASES

A
  1. Induction
  2. Incubation
  3. Latency
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6
Q

A. Sporadic
B. Endemic
C. Hyperendemic
D. Epidemic
E. Outbreak
F. Pandemic

A

LEVEL OF DISEASE OCCURENCE

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7
Q

TP/(TP+FN)

A

SENSITIVITY

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8
Q

TN/(TN+FP)

A

Specificity

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9
Q

TP/(TP+FP)

A

PPV

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10
Q

TN/(FN+TN)

A

NPV

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11
Q

Branch of biometry which deals with data and the law of human mortality, morbidity and demography

A

Vital Statistics

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12
Q

Types of Census tas explain mo na din tutal magaling ka naman

A
  1. De facto census
  2. De jure census
  3. Modern census
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13
Q

Components of variation and change in demographic variables and relationship between them.

A

Demographic Analysis

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14
Q

Relationships between demographic variables and other variables such as social and economic variables.

A

Population Studies

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15
Q

MEASURES OF MORBIDITY:
- # existing cases of a specified disease at a given point in time/estimated population at the same point in time x1000

A

Point prevalence

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16
Q

MEASURES OF MORBIDITY:
- # cases of a disease reported during a given time interval/average population during time interval x1000

A

Incidence Rate

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17
Q

MEASURES OF MORBIDITY:
- # existing and new cases of a specified disease
identified over a given time interval/estimated population at mid interval x1000

A

Period prevalence

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18
Q

is the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency

A

Preventive Medicine

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19
Q

A branch of medicine dealing with prevention of disease and maintenance of good health and modern practices.

A

Preventive Medicine

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20
Q

Objectives of Preventive Medicine:
- have a physically and mentally sound body.

a.) promote optimum health
b.) prevent departure from health.
c.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.

A

a.) promote optimum health

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21
Q

Objectives of Preventive Medicine:
- free from any forms of illness

a.) promote optimum health
b.) prevent departure from health.
c.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.

A

b.) prevent departure from health.

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22
Q

Objectives of Preventive Medicine:
- to fix any forms of disability by means of rehabilitation.

a.) promote optimum health
b.) prevent departure from health.
c.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.

A

c.) prevent disabling illness after the onset of disease in man.

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23
Q

LEVELS of PREVENTION:
- Individual’s capacity is good and experiences no illness.
- Its goal is to maintain his present health status, or to further promote it.
- This level is designed to promote general optimum health or by the specific protection of man against disease agents or the establishment of barriers against agents in the environment.

A

PRIMARY LEVEL PREVENTION

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24
Q

LEVELS of PREVENTION:
- Individual’s capacity is good and experiences no illness.
- Its goal is to maintain his present health status, or to further promote it.
- This level is designed to promote general optimum health or by the specific protection of man against disease agents or the establishment of barriers against agents in the environment.

A

Secondary level prevention

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25
Q

LEVELS of PREVENTION:
- The level wherein the defect and disability have been fixed which is accomplished by rehabilitation.
- To enhance the remaining capacities of an affected individual:
1. therapy hospital should be provided.
2. full employment to be given in disabled person.

A

Tertiary Level Prevention

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26
Q

Classification of Infection Based on the Distribution of the Microorganisms in the Host:
- Invading microorganisms are confined in one area. i.e. wound

A

Local Infection

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27
Q

Classification of Infection Based on the Distribution of the Microorganisms in the Host:
- Microorganisms are confined to one area, w/ c may serve as a source for further dissemination of toxic materials to other parts of the body. i.e. diarrhea

A

Focal infection

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28
Q

Classification of Infection Based on the Distribution of the Microorganisms in the Host:
- When there is a general invasion and the entire body seems to be affected. i.e. typhoid fever and cancer

A

Systemic or General Infection

29
Q

Classification of Systemic Infection:
– presence of bacteria in the bloodstream but no active multiplication on it.
i.e. Influenza and boils

A

Bacteremia

30
Q

Classification of Systemic Infection:
– invasion of bacteria in the bloodstream w/ an active multiplication of microorganisms.
i.e. typhoid fever caused by contaminated foods and drinks

A

Septicimia

31
Q

Classification of Systemic Infection:
– presence of pus-forming bacteria in the bloodstream, characterized by the development of abscesses in various organs.

A

pyemia

32
Q

Classification of Systemic Infection:
– a form of blood poisoning caused by toxins produced by certain microorganisms. i.e. canned food poisoning

A

sapremia

33
Q

Classification of Systemic Infection:
– condition of illness due to presence in the bloodstream of toxins, caused by the ingestion of foods contaminated w/ toxins as in toxemia of pregnancy.
i.e. ingestion of poisonous substance

A

Toxemia

34
Q

Etiologic agents:
- single celled parasites
i.e. malaria, amoeba

A

Protozoa

35
Q

Etiologic agents:
– multicellular parasites
i.e. tapeworms and blood flukes

A

Metazoa

36
Q

Etiologic agents:
– unicellular structure w/ long branching filaments

A

Fungi

37
Q

Etiologic agents:
– single cell structure
- normal bacteria found lining the GIT, GUT and skin.
- bacteria causing disease: invade & multiply in a portion of the body; produce toxin; initiate hypersensitivity response.

A

Bacteria

38
Q

Etiologic agents:
– microorganisms that are in between bacteria (respond to antimicrobial agents) and viruses.

A

Rickettsia

39
Q

Etiologic agents:
- obligate intracellular parasite

A

Viruses

40
Q

the animal or place where the infectious agents can propagate

A

Reservoir

41
Q

Classification of Disease According to their Distribution:
– a small number of people are affected among the population of a community. i.e. meningococcal meningitis, common colds

A

Endemic disease

42
Q

Classification of Disease According to their Distribution:
– when an endemic disease flares up affecting a large number of people and spreads from person-to-person w/in a certain community.

A

Epidemic disease

43
Q

Classification of Disease According to their Distribution:
– when an epidemic becomes widespread, and the disease is prevalent throughout the entire country.
i.e. blood borne infections, HIV infection

A

Pandemic

44
Q

Types of Human Carriers:
– transmits the infection before it becomes symptomatic.

A

Incubatory carrier

45
Q

Types of Human Carriers:
– patients who had recovered from an acute illness may continue to shed the organism, particularly enteric infections caused by Salmonella or Shigella.

A

Convalescent carriers

46
Q

Types of Human Carriers:
– patients who develop chronic infections and transmit the infection for long periods of time, usually over 1 year

A

Chronic carriers

47
Q

Types of Reservoir:
– diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans termed as zoonoses.
i.e. rabies, tularemia, leptospirosis

A

Animal

48
Q

Types of Reservoir:
– certain biologic agents, such as cryptococcus neoformans, live free in the environment.

A

environment

49
Q

Mode of Transmission:
- occurs when the reservoir and the susceptible host are in close proximity

A

Direct transmission

50
Q

Mode of Transmission:
– occurs when the reservoir and the susceptible host are separated. The separation can be fast, near or in a far distance.

A

Indirect Transmission

51
Q

Direct transmission:
- spread occurs from skin contact (i.e. syphilis) or w/ an organism in the environment (i.e. sporotrichosis)

A

Person to person

52
Q

Direct transmission:
occurs when infectious aerosols produced by coughing, talking, and sneezing transmit infection to susceptible hosts. (i.e. mumps)

A

Droplet spread

53
Q

Indirect transmission:
- involves mosquitoes, fleas and ticks

A

Vector spread

54
Q

Indirect transmission:
- involves transportation of an infectious agent on inanimate objects (fomites) like toys, beddings or contaminated food, water, milk or biologic materials.

A

vehicle spread

55
Q

Indirect transmission:
– produced by talking, singing, coughing, or sneezing and floating on air currents for varying periods of time.

A

Airborne spread

56
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- The government is the one responsible for the control of contagious diseases. The practicing physician does not have direct responsibility for enforcement of measures for the control of communicable diseases.

A

The fixing of responsibility

57
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
is required to control communicable diseases. A police power is instituted to protect the community from a recalcitrant (disobedient) patient w/ a contagious disease who refuses to observe the regulations of the health department

A

Authority

58
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- A workable system for reporting all contagious diseases in the community must be devised. It is the duty of the practicing physician to report all cases of communicable diseases.
- Reports should be made as soon as possible after the tentative diagnosis has been made

A

Reporting

59
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- The physician who first sees the patient makes a tentative diagnosis and institutes unofficial isolation measures.
- He reports the case to the health department
- He may ask for any necessary laboratory aids in diagnosis i.e. FTA-ABS test for syphilis

A

Early diagnosis

60
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- When the diagnosis of communicable disease has been made the patient is isolated
Purposes:
a) doing it on a patient protects the community from dissemination of the specific agent to others.
b) The patient is protected from factors that may influence the course of the disease unfavorably.

A

Isolation

61
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- After the patient has been isolated, next to consider is the possibility of preventing the disease among his contacts. This is immunizing the family contacts to get rid from such disease.

A

Immunization of contacts

62
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- Family contacts and other immediate contacts undergo quarantine. The duration is from the date of last exposure to the incubation period of the disease.
- The purpose is to prevent the spread of the disease.

A

Quarantine

63
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- Its purpose is to prevent the spread of a few highly important communicable diseases from infected ports to disease free nations.
- This quarantine is organized on an international basis.
- Diseases subject to quarantine such as cholera, hepatitis A and B, yellow fever, typhus, plague, small pox, leprosy, anthrax, AIDs, typhoid fever and CMV.

A

Maritime quarantine or Ship quarantine

64
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- This is done by thorough cleaning, airing and sunning of the sickroom, using only soap and water w/c are adequate protective measures.
- In the hospital all these matters are the responsibility of the nurse who attends to the sick person.

A

Disinfection and fumigation

65
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- The chronic carrier of an infectious agent is of great importance as a source of infection in communicable diseases.
- The detection and control of carrier is the function of the official health department.

A

Carrier control

66
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- There are cases that a mass community immunization is needed to eradicate for the control of communicable diseases.
- The DOH takes charge of this project
- To date the nation have a national immunization day to give the population a chance to avail of free vaccines and toxoids against some common infectious diseases.

A

Community immunization

67
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- The local health department is responsible for communicable disease control measures.
- This is usually aided by the national gov’t.
- Often, the health department is aided by the national laboratory services where the production of biological products like vaccines, toxoids and hyper-immune sera takes place.
- Then products are used for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.

A

Official’s responsibility for communicable disease control

68
Q

General Principles of Communicable Disease Control:
- Fumigation is now used chiefly to check diseases that are transmitted by those insects and rodents that are intermediate factors in the spread of disease.
- The most effective fumigant is hydrocyanic acid gas.
- Steam is often used in the destruction of infectious agents on clothing and is an excellent germicide particularly if placed under 15 lb pressure.

A

Control of intermediate host

Biostat Lab (5 decks)

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