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Biostat Lab > M4 > Flashcards

M4 Flashcards

1
Q
  • is the statistical study of human populations.
  • includes the study of the size, structure, and distributions of different populations and changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.
  • also includes the analysis of the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.
A

Demography

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2
Q

the number or body of inhabitants in a place belonging to a specific social, cultural, socioeconomic, ethnic, or racial subgroup.

A

Population

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3
Q

– is a technique used to develop an understanding of the age, sex, and racial composition of a population and how it has changed over time through the basic demographic processes of birth, death, and migration.

A

Demographic Analysis

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4
Q

is broadly defined as the scientific study of human populations

A

Population Studies

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5
Q

the absolute number of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area in a specified time period.

A

Count

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6
Q

the frequency of demographic events in the population during a specified time period divided by the population “at risk” of the event occurring during that time period.

A

Rate

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7
Q

the relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup; that is, one subgroup divided by another.

A

Ratio

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8
Q

the relation of a population subgroup to the entire population; that is, a population subgroup divided by the entire population.

A

Proportion

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9
Q

an unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more understandable fashion.

A

Constant

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10
Q

a statistic that measures events occurring to a a group of people sharing a common demographic experience who are observed through time

A

COHORT

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11
Q

a statistic that measures events occurring to all or part of a population during one period of time.

A

Period Measure

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12
Q

is the description of a population according to characteristics such as age, sex, race or other factors.

A

Population Composition

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13
Q

Age and sex are very often studied together in something we call a ________

A

Population Pyramid

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14
Q

True or False:
A population growing at a consistent rate is expected to form a triangular shape (hence the name population pyramid). A more rectangular shape indicates a population that is growing slowly and steadily.

A

True

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15
Q

are derived from information obtained at the time when the occurrences of vital events and their characteristics are inscribed in a civil register

A

Vital Statistics

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16
Q

Recording of these events in the civil register is known as (1)_______ and the resulting documents are called (2)______.

A
  1. vital or civil registration
  2. vital records
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17
Q

are used when these changes cannot be measured directly, as for example health or nutritional status. If measured sequentially over time they can indicate direction and speed of change and serves to compare different areas and groups of people at the same moment in time.

A

Demographic Indicators

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18
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- should measure what they are supposed to measure

A

Valid

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19
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- should have the ability to obtain data needed

A

Feasible

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20
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- the answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances

A

Reliable

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21
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon

A

Relevant

22
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- should be sensitive in the situation concerned

A

Sensitive

23
Q

Demographic Indicators:
-should reflect changes only in the situation concerned

A

Specific

24
Q

Demographic Indicators:
- It is a single indicator which can signal a broad range of health problems.

A

Mortality Indicators

25
Q

Mortality Indicators:
- Counts all death

A

Crude mortality rate

26
Q

Mortality Indicators:
- counts only death in a specific age group

A

Age-specific mortality rate

27
Q

Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in children less than 12 months of age, divides by number of live births in same time period.

A

Infant Mortality Rate

28
Q

Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in women due to pregnancy or childbirth, divides by number of live births in same time period

A

Maternal Mortality Rate

29
Q

Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in the first 5 years of life, divides by number of live births in the hypothetical cohort of newborns

A

Under-5 mortality rate

30
Q

It has been defined as any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In practice, it encompasses disease, injury, and disability.

A

Morbidity

31
Q

refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time. Although some epidemiologists use it to mean the number of new cases in a community, others use it to mean the number of new cases per unit of population.

A

Incidence

31
Q

characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill (incidence) or are ill at a given time (prevalence).

A

Measures of morbidity frequency

31
Q

What are the two types of incidence that are commonly used?

A

Incidence Proportion and Incidence Rate

32
Q

Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases during specified time interval/ pop. at start of time interval

A

Incidence proprtion/ Attack rate/ Risk

33
Q

Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases among contact/ total no. of contact

A

secondary attack rate

34
Q

Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases during specified time interval/ Total person-years of observation or average pop. during time interval

A

Incidence rate/ Person-time rate

35
Q

Morbidity Measure:
no. of current cases (new and preexisting) at a specified time/ pop. at same specified point in time

A

Point prevalence

36
Q

Morbidity Measure:
no. of current cases (new and preexisting) at a specified time/ average or mid interval population

A

Period Prevalence

36
Q

The International Classification of Functioning, _________ and Health (ICF) defines disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions

A

Disability

37
Q

is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation and public buildings, and limited social supports).

A

Disability

38
Q

IREVIEW MO TO:
- Over a billion people, about 15% of the world’s population, have some form of disability.
- Between 110 million and 190 million adults have significant difficulties in functioning.
- Rates of disability are increasing due to population ageing and increases in chronic health conditions, among other causes.
- People with disabilities have less access to health care services and therefore experience unmet health care needs.

A

medtech pa, happy? HUHUHIHUH

39
Q

The ______ ______ indicators for the CDC growth charts include obesity , overweight, underweight, and short stature

A

Nutritional status

40
Q

The indicators reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care.

A

Healthcare Delivery Indicators

41
Q

actual coverage expressed as the proportion of people in need of a service who actually receive it in a given period, usually a year. It give some indication of the care needed by a population, and therefore the health status of the population.

A

Utilization rate

42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
A relationship exists between utilization of health care services and health needs and status.

A

TRUE

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Direct positive indicators of social and mental health are not available

A

TRUE

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
indirect measures like indicators of social and mental pathology are relied upon – social indicators such as various acts of violence, crime, suicide, homicide, road accidents, juvenile delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, consumption of tranquillizers and other antisocial activities can be used as guides to improving social health of the people

A

TRUE

45
Q

these Indicators reflect the quality of physical and biological environment in which diseases occur and in which people live.

A

Environmental Indicators

46
Q

These indicators do not directly measure health. However, these are important in the interpretation of indicators of healthcare

A

Socioeconomic indicators

47
Q

Allocation of adequate resources to the health sector is also an indicator of political commitment to health.
The relevant indicators are:
1. Proportion of GNP spent on health services
2. Proportion of GNP spent on health-related activities including water, sanitation, nutrition
3. Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care

A

Health Policy Indicators

Biostat Lab (5 decks)

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