M4 Flashcards
- is the statistical study of human populations.
- includes the study of the size, structure, and distributions of different populations and changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.
- also includes the analysis of the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes influencing a population.
Demography
the number or body of inhabitants in a place belonging to a specific social, cultural, socioeconomic, ethnic, or racial subgroup.
Population
– is a technique used to develop an understanding of the age, sex, and racial composition of a population and how it has changed over time through the basic demographic processes of birth, death, and migration.
Demographic Analysis
is broadly defined as the scientific study of human populations
Population Studies
the absolute number of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area in a specified time period.
Count
the frequency of demographic events in the population during a specified time period divided by the population “at risk” of the event occurring during that time period.
Rate
the relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup; that is, one subgroup divided by another.
Ratio
the relation of a population subgroup to the entire population; that is, a population subgroup divided by the entire population.
Proportion
an unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more understandable fashion.
Constant
a statistic that measures events occurring to a a group of people sharing a common demographic experience who are observed through time
COHORT
a statistic that measures events occurring to all or part of a population during one period of time.
Period Measure
is the description of a population according to characteristics such as age, sex, race or other factors.
Population Composition
Age and sex are very often studied together in something we call a ________
Population Pyramid
True or False:
A population growing at a consistent rate is expected to form a triangular shape (hence the name population pyramid). A more rectangular shape indicates a population that is growing slowly and steadily.
True
are derived from information obtained at the time when the occurrences of vital events and their characteristics are inscribed in a civil register
Vital Statistics
Recording of these events in the civil register is known as (1)_______ and the resulting documents are called (2)______.
- vital or civil registration
- vital records
are used when these changes cannot be measured directly, as for example health or nutritional status. If measured sequentially over time they can indicate direction and speed of change and serves to compare different areas and groups of people at the same moment in time.
Demographic Indicators
Demographic Indicators:
- should measure what they are supposed to measure
Valid
Demographic Indicators:
- should have the ability to obtain data needed
Feasible
Demographic Indicators:
- the answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances
Reliable
Demographic Indicators:
- should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon
Relevant
Demographic Indicators:
- should be sensitive in the situation concerned
Sensitive
Demographic Indicators:
-should reflect changes only in the situation concerned
Specific
Demographic Indicators:
- It is a single indicator which can signal a broad range of health problems.
Mortality Indicators
Mortality Indicators:
- Counts all death
Crude mortality rate
Mortality Indicators:
- counts only death in a specific age group
Age-specific mortality rate
Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in children less than 12 months of age, divides by number of live births in same time period.
Infant Mortality Rate
Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in women due to pregnancy or childbirth, divides by number of live births in same time period
Maternal Mortality Rate
Mortality Indicators:
- Counts deaths in the first 5 years of life, divides by number of live births in the hypothetical cohort of newborns
Under-5 mortality rate
It has been defined as any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In practice, it encompasses disease, injury, and disability.
Morbidity
refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time. Although some epidemiologists use it to mean the number of new cases in a community, others use it to mean the number of new cases per unit of population.
Incidence
characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill (incidence) or are ill at a given time (prevalence).
Measures of morbidity frequency
What are the two types of incidence that are commonly used?
Incidence Proportion and Incidence Rate
Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases during specified time interval/ pop. at start of time interval
Incidence proprtion/ Attack rate/ Risk
Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases among contact/ total no. of contact
secondary attack rate
Morbidity Measure:
No. of new cases during specified time interval/ Total person-years of observation or average pop. during time interval
Incidence rate/ Person-time rate
Morbidity Measure:
no. of current cases (new and preexisting) at a specified time/ pop. at same specified point in time
Point prevalence
Morbidity Measure:
no. of current cases (new and preexisting) at a specified time/ average or mid interval population
Period Prevalence
The International Classification of Functioning, _________ and Health (ICF) defines disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions
Disability
is the interaction between individuals with a health condition (e.g. cerebral palsy, Down syndrome and depression) and personal and environmental factors (e.g. negative attitudes, inaccessible transportation and public buildings, and limited social supports).
Disability
IREVIEW MO TO:
- Over a billion people, about 15% of the world’s population, have some form of disability.
- Between 110 million and 190 million adults have significant difficulties in functioning.
- Rates of disability are increasing due to population ageing and increases in chronic health conditions, among other causes.
- People with disabilities have less access to health care services and therefore experience unmet health care needs.
medtech pa, happy? HUHUHIHUH
The ______ ______ indicators for the CDC growth charts include obesity , overweight, underweight, and short stature
Nutritional status
The indicators reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care.
Healthcare Delivery Indicators
actual coverage expressed as the proportion of people in need of a service who actually receive it in a given period, usually a year. It give some indication of the care needed by a population, and therefore the health status of the population.
Utilization rate
TRUE OR FALSE:
A relationship exists between utilization of health care services and health needs and status.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Direct positive indicators of social and mental health are not available
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
indirect measures like indicators of social and mental pathology are relied upon – social indicators such as various acts of violence, crime, suicide, homicide, road accidents, juvenile delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, consumption of tranquillizers and other antisocial activities can be used as guides to improving social health of the people
TRUE
these Indicators reflect the quality of physical and biological environment in which diseases occur and in which people live.
Environmental Indicators
These indicators do not directly measure health. However, these are important in the interpretation of indicators of healthcare
Socioeconomic indicators
Allocation of adequate resources to the health sector is also an indicator of political commitment to health.
The relevant indicators are:
1. Proportion of GNP spent on health services
2. Proportion of GNP spent on health-related activities including water, sanitation, nutrition
3. Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care
Health Policy Indicators
