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Biostat Lab > M2 > Flashcards

M2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 Sources of Data Collection

A

Primary data and secondary data

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2
Q

– obtained first hand by the investigator from first hand sources.
i.e. – thesis & dissertations
- interview and questionnaire
- letters, diaries and autobiographies
- experimentation
- journals and newspapers

A

Primary data

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3
Q

– are finished products taken from raw materials.
- data w/c are already existing.
i.e. – data obtained from registry of cases of hospitals
- documented materials
- book of factual information i.e. textbooks

A

Secondary data

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4
Q

what are the methods of data collection

A

Direct/Interview method and Indirect/Questionnaire

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5
Q

Types of Interview: requires an appointment w/ the respondents

A

formal

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6
Q

Types of Interview: by chance interview

A

Informal

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7
Q

Types of Interview: involves a patient & his health provides

A

Clinical

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8
Q

Types of Interview: wider & deeper coverage as in investigative or detective cases

A

In-depth

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9
Q

Types of Interview: solicits views and opinions from a group of people

A

focus

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10
Q

Types of Interview: – interviewed person has given the task of providing pieces of advice.
i.e. – counseling given by guidance counselor

A

Non-Directed

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11
Q

set of written & planned
questions related to a particular topic intended to answer
the problem of the study.

A

Indirect or Questionnaire

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12
Q

– oral type of questionnaire w/ a face to face contact bet. the researcher and the respondents.

A

Direct or Interview method

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13
Q

Types of Questionnaire: answerable through options or choices.

A

close ended

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14
Q

Types of Questionnaire: questions that require further explanation in phrases or paragraphs.
i.e. narrative responses

A

Open ended

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15
Q

Types of Questionnaire: data obtained through births, deaths,
marriages, licenses and census.

A

registration

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16
Q

Types of Questionnaire: used by scientific researches

A

Experimental

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17
Q

– the act of studying only a portion of the population to represent the whole.
i.e. diagnosing a patient based on his blood count

A

Sampling

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18
Q

2 General Types of Sampling Design

A

Non probability sample and probability sample

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19
Q

a sampling procedure wherein the probability of each element being included in the sample is unknown

A

Non probability sample

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20
Q
  • as a result there is no way of assessing the reliability of the sample results
A

Non probability sample

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21
Q

any sampling procedure wherein each element in the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.

A

Probability sample

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22
Q

4 types of Non-probability sampling

A
  1. Judgment or Purposive sampling
  2. Accidental or Haphazard sampling
  3. Quota sampling
  4. Snowball technique
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23
Q

a representative sample of the population is selected based on an expert’s subjective judgment or on some pre-specified criteria.
i.e. an area is selected bec. the community leaders are known to the investigators.

A

Judgment or Purposive sampling

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24
Q

if the researcher used in his study whatever items come at hand or whoever is available.
i.e. he may interview the first 50 people who enters a department store or he may ask for volunteers

A

Accidental or Haphazard sampling

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25
Q

collection of data continues until the pre-specified quota is met.
i.e. house to house interview

A

Quota sampling

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26
Q

used in confidential researches wherein the other respondents are picked out by the previous respondent.
- frequently used when studying “ hidden population” like drug users & prostitutes, w/ HIV positive individuals

A

Snowball technique

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27
Q

6 Types of Probability

A
  1. Simple random sampling
  2. Systematic probability sampling
  3. Stratified random sampling
    3.1. stratified random sampling w/ equal allocation
    3.2. Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation
  4. Cluster
28
Q

there is an equal chance for every member of the population of being included in the sample

A

Simple random sampling

29
Q

Simple Random: draw lots
method.
i.e. rolling pieces of paper w/ the names of the population & have it selected by draw lots

A

fishbowl technique or lottery method

30
Q

Simple Random: done when the population is large.
i.e. w/ eyes closed using a pencil pinpoint at any location a number in the table by chance.

A

table of random numbers

31
Q

a technique for selecting members of a sample by picking out every Kth of the population

A

Systematic probability sampling

32
Q

a pop. w/c is composed of several strata or subgroups.

A

Stratified random sampling

33
Q

Type of strat random: samples per group or strata
i.e. – department store, location, industry type

A

stratified random sampling w/ equal allocation

34
Q

Type of strat random: – samples per group depends on the pop. per group.
i.e. – the bigger the pop., the more the samples; the smaller the pop., the smaller the sample.

A

Stratified random sampling with proportional allocation

35
Q

– pop. w/c is divided into separate group of elements called clusters.
i.e. – area sampling such as 5 city blocks, clusters or groups of students.

A

Cluster

36
Q

n = [N/(1 + N(e)^2)]

A

Sloven’s formula

37
Q

3 Methods of Data Presentation

A
  1. Narrative or Textual
  2. Graphical
  3. Tabular
38
Q

Method of data pres.: paragraph form

A

Narrative or Textual

39
Q

Method of data pres.: – in graph
i.e. bar graph, histogram, pie graph, line diagram

A

Graphical

40
Q

Method of data pres.: data w/c include lots of figures & makes use of a statistical table.

A

Tabular

41
Q

3 Measures of Central Tendency:

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
42
Q

the sum of all the cases divided by the number cases.

A

Mean

43
Q

the middle most score in a distribution.

A

Median

44
Q

the midpoint of the interval containing the largest number of cases.

A

Mode

45
Q

2 Ways of Measuring Central Tendency

A
  1. Ungrouped data or Raw or Scattered
  2. Grouped data
46
Q

Way of Measuring Central Tendency: – the exact values of the observations are retained

A

Ungrouped data or Raw or Scattered

47
Q

Way of Measuring Central Tendency: – they are cast in a frequency distribution

A

Grouped data

48
Q

(N + 1) / 2

A

Median

49
Q

– frequently occuring # in the series
- score with greatest frequency
- determined through careful Inspection

A

Mode

50
Q

tabular arrangement of data into classes or categories together w/ their corresponding class frequency.

A

Frequency distribution table

51
Q

HS – LS

A

Range

52
Q

In a hospital, every 5th patient entering the emergency room is selected for a study. What sampling technique is being used?

A

systematic sampling

53
Q

Which of the following is a disadvantage of convenience sampling?

  • It may lead to biased results.
  • It requires specialized equipment
  • It is suitable for large populations.
  • It is time-consuming.
A
  • It may lead to biased results.
54
Q

Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

  • Height
  • Blood type
  • Gender
  • Eye color
A

Height

55
Q

In which type of sampling, the population is divided into subgroups, and then samples are randomly selected from each subgroup?

A

Stratified sampling

56
Q

What is the primary goal of random sampling?

  • To ensure that the sample size is large enough.
  • To eliminate outliers from the dataset.
  • To reduce bias and increase representativeness.
  • To minimize the need for statistical analysis.
A

To reduce bias and increase representativeness.

57
Q

What is a representative sample?

  • A sample that includes only outliers.
  • A sample with the highest variability.
  • A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population.
  • A sample with the smallest possible size.
A

A sample that reflects the characteristics of the population.

58
Q

A researcher wants to study the dietary habits of adolescents from various socioeconomic backgrounds. What sampling technique would be appropriate?

A

Stratified sampling

59
Q

Which of the following is an example of non-probability sampling?

  • Simple random sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Systematic sampling
A

Convenience sampling

60
Q

A researcher selects several hospitals and then samples patients within each selected hospital. What sampling technique is being used?

  • Stratified sampling
  • Simple random sampling
  • Cluster sampling
  • Convenience sampling
A

Cluster sampling

61
Q

In which type of sampling technique does every member of the population have an equal chance of being selected?

A

Simple random sampling

62
Q

What is the first step in the process of data collection?

A

designing the study

63
Q

What is the purpose of stratified sampling?

Correct answer:

  • To ensure representation of different subgroups.
  • To select every nth individual from a list.
  • To divide the population into convenient groups.
  • To select individuals based on their willingness to participate
A

To ensure representation of different subgroups.

64
Q

What is a population in the context of biostatistics?

  • The entire group under study.
  • An outlier in a dataset.
  • A small subset of a larger group.
  • A sample from a different study.
A

The entire group under study.

65
Q

What is the purpose of data collection in biostatistics?

  • To analyze existing datasets.
  • To present results graphically.
  • To create complex statistical models.
  • To draw conclusions and make inferences about a population
A

To draw conclusions and make inferences about a population

66
Q

A researcher selects a random city and then samples households within that city. What sampling technique is being used?

A

cluster sampling

Biostat Lab (5 decks)

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