M5 Flashcards
It is a vital element of any health system.
It is a fundamental input to population health status, along with other factors, including social determinants of health.
service delivery
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Range of health services is provided, appropriate to the needs of the target population, including preventative, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services and health promotion activities.
Comprehensiveness
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Services are directly and permanently accessible with no undue barriers of cost, language, culture, or geography. Health services are close to the people, with a routine point of entry to the service network at primary care level (not at the specialist or hospital level).
Accessibility
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Service delivery is designed so that all people in a defined target population are covered, i.e. the sick and the healthy, all income groups and all social groups
Coverage
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
- Service delivery is organized to provide an individual with continuity of care across the network of services, health conditions, levels of care, and over the life cycle.
Continuity
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Health services are of high quality, i.e. they are effective, safe, centred on the patient’s needs and given in a timely fashion.
Quality
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Services are organized around the person, not the disease or the financing. Users perceive health services to be responsive and acceptable to them. There is participation from the target population in service delivery design and assessment. People are partners in their own health care.
Person-Centered
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Local area health service networks are actively coordinated, across types of provider, types of care, levels of service delivery, and for both routine and emergency preparedness. The patient’s primary care provider facilitates the route through the needed services, and works in collaboration with other levels and types of provider. Coordination also takes place with other sectors (e.g. social services) and partners (e.g. community organizations).
Coordination
Key Characteristics of Quality Healthcare Services
Health services are well managed so as to achieve the core elements described above with a minimum wastage of resources. Managers are allocated the necessary authority to achieve planned objectives and held accountable for overall performance and results. Assessment includes appropriate mechanisms for the participation of the target population and civil society.
Accountability and Efficiency
The ____________ of women and children is vital to creating a healthy world. Despite great progress, there are still too many mothers and children dying—mostly from causes that could have been prevented.
Health
1.
Every day, approximately (1) ________ women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. In 2012, (2) ________ children died before age 5. (3)________ of them in the first year of life.
a. 800
b. 6.6 million
c. 5 million
a. 800
2.
Every day, approximately (1) ________ women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. In 2012, (2) ________ children died before age 5. (3)________ of them in the first year of life.
a. 800
b. 6.6 million
c. 5 million
b. 6.6 million
3.
Every day, approximately (1) ________ women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. In 2012, (2) ________ children died before age 5. (3)________ of them in the first year of life.
a. 800
b. 6.6 million
c. 5 million
c. 5 million
All are Roles of Healthcare Workers in Maternal Care and Child Care EXCEPT:
1. Prenatal care
2. Screening in infancy, childhood, and adolescence
3. Encouragement of breastfeeding
4. Immunization
5. Prevention of childhood diseases
6. Neonatal care
7. none of the above
- Neonatal care
TRUE OR FALSE
The high number of maternal deaths in some areas of the world reflects inequalities in access to quality health services and highlights the gap between rich and poor.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
The MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) in low income countries in 2017 is 462 per 100 000 live births versus 11 per 100 000 live births in high income countries.
True
TRUE OR FALSE
In 2017, according to the Fragile States Index, 15 countries were considered to be “very high alert” or “high alert” being a fragile state (South Sudan, Somalia, Central African Republic, Yemen, Syria, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Afghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Guinea, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Ethiopia), and these 15 countries had MMRs in 2017 ranging from 31 (Syria) to 1150 (South Sudan).
True
TRUE OR FALSE
The risk of maternal mortality is lowest for adolescent girls under 15 years old and complications in pregnancy and childbirth are higher among adolescent girls age 10-19 (compared to women aged 20-24) (2,3).
False ; The risk of maternal mortality is highest for adolescent girls under 15 years old
TRUE OR FALSE
Women in less developed countries have, on average, many more pregnancies than women in developed countries, and their lifetime risk of death due to pregnancy is higher. A woman’s lifetime risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15 year old woman will eventually die from a maternal cause. In high income countries, this is 1 in 5400, versus 1 in 45 in low-income countries.
True
The main factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and childbirth are the following, EXCEPT:
1. Poverty
2. Distance to facilities
3. Lack of information
4. Inadequate and poor quality services
5. High-end facilities
6. Cultural beliefs and practices
7. none of the above
High-end facilities
The following are Common Laboratory Tests for Pregnant Women, EXCEPT;
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
2. Blood type with Rh Typing
3. VDRL/RPR
4. Hepatitis B
5. HIV
6. OGTT
7. Urinalysis
8. none of the above
none of the above
The following are Common Laboratory Test for Newborn, EXCEPT:
1. Newborn Screening (NBS)
2. Expanded Newborn Screening (ENBS)
3. VDRL/RPR
4. none of the above
VDRL/RPR
NBS or ENBS?
Congenital hypothyroidism (CH), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), phenylketonuria (PKU), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, galactosemia (GAL) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).
NBS
NBS or ENBS
The expanded screening will include 22 more disorders such as hemoglobinopathies and additional metabolic disorders, namely, organic acid, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid disorders. The latter are included in the standard care across the globe.
ENBS
what is the disorder being screened
Effect screened: Severe Mental Retardation
Effect if screened and treated: Normal
Choices:
a. CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
b. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
c. GAL (Galactosemia)
d. KU (Phenylketonuria)
e. G6PD
CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
what is the disorder being screened
Effect screened: Death
Effect if screened and treated: Alive and Normal
Choices:
a. CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
b. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
c. GAL (Galactosemia)
d. KU (Phenylketonuria)
e. G6PD
CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
what is the disorder being screened
Effect screened: Death of Cataracts
Effect if screened and treated: Alive and Normal
Choices:
a. CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
b. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
c. GAL (Galactosemia)
d. KU (Phenylketonuria)
e. G6PD
GAL (Galactosemia)
what is the disorder being screened
Effect screened: Severe Mental Retardation
Effect if screened and treated: Normal
Choices:
a. CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
b. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
c. GAL (Galactosemia)
d. KU (Phenylketonuria)
e. G6PD
KU (Phenylketonuria)
what is the disorder being screened
Effect screened: Severe Anemia, Kernicterus
Effect if screened and treated: Normal
Choices:
a. CH (Congenital Hypothyroidism
b. CAH (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
c. GAL (Galactosemia)
d. KU (Phenylketonuria)
e. G6PD
G6PD
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Commonly called “The pills”
- Contains two hormones - Estrogen and Progesterone
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)
Combined Oral Contraceptives
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Commonly called “Mini pills”
- Progesterone only
- Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation
Progesterone Pills
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Contains Progesterone
- Small, flexible rods or capsule placed under the skin of the upper arm or injected to muscle of the skin every two to three months
- Thickens cervical mucous to block sperm and egg from meeting and prevents ovulation
Implants and Injectables
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Hormones directly applied to skin
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries
Patch and Combined Contraceptive Ring
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- A plastic device containing copper inserted into the uterus
Intrauterine Device Copper (IUD
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Sheath or covering that fits the penis and vagina
- Forms a barrier to prevent the sperm and egg cell from meeting
Male and Female Condom
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Male sterilization
- Blocks or cuts the vas deferens tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles
- Keeps the sperm out of ejaculated semen
Vasectomy
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Female sterilization
- Blocks or cuts the fallopian tubes
- Eggs are blocked from meeting the sperm
Tubal Ligation
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Temporary contraception for new mothers whose monthly bleeding has not returned
- Requires exclusive or full breastfeeding day and night of an infant less than 6 months old
- Prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation)
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Commonly referred to as Plan B
- Commercial names - Ulipristal acetate 30 mg or Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg
- Pills taken to prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex
- Delays ovulation
Emergency Contraception Pills
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Women track their fertile periods
- Fertile periods are usually 8-19 of each 26-32 day cycle
- Use cycle beads or other tools
Standard Days Method
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Women track their body temperature at a set time every morning before getting out of bed
- Observe for an increase of 0.2-0.5°C
Basal Body Temperature
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Women track their fertile periods by observing presence of cervical mucus
Two-Day Method
What is the Modern Method of Contraception stated?
- Women track their fertile periods by observing changes in the cervical mucus, body temperature and consistency of the cervix
Sympthothermal Method
What is the sign of fertility indicated?
Clear Texture
choices:
a) Cervical Mucus
b) Body Temperature
c) Consistency of the Cervix
Cervical Mucus
What is the sign of fertility indicated?
Slight Increase
choices:
a) Cervical Mucus
b) Body Temperature
c) Consistency of the Cervix
Body Temperature
What is the sign of fertility indicated?
Softening
choices:
a) Cervical Mucus
b) Body Temperature
c) Consistency of the Cervix
Consistency of the Cervix
What is the Traditional Method of Contraception stated?
- Women monitor their pattern of menstrual cycle over 6 months
- Sutract 18 from the shortest cycle length and;
- Subtract 11 from the longest cycle length
- The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during the first and last estimated fertile days, by abstaining or using a condom.
Calendar Method or Rhythm Method
What is the Traditional Method of Contraception stated?
- Man withdraws his penis from from his partner’s vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away from her external genitalia.
- Aims to keep sperm out of the woman’s body to prevent fertilization.
Coitus Interruptus or Withdrawal
