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Biostat Lec > M3 and M4 > Flashcards

M3 and M4 Flashcards

1
Q

a quantity whose value changes.

A

variable

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2
Q

a variable whose value is obtained by counting.

A

discrete variable

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3
Q

variable whose value is obtained by measuring.

A

Continous variable

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4
Q

from the Latin nomalis, which means “pertaining to names”. It’s another name for a category.

A

Nominal

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5
Q

Examples:
Gender: Male, Female, Other.
Hair Color: Brown, Black, Blonde, Red, Other.

A

Nominal

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6
Q
  • means in order. Includes “First,” “second” and “ninety ninth.”
  • The ordinal scale classifies according to rank.
A

Ordinal

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7
Q

Examples:
High school class ranking: 1st, 9th, 87th…
Socioeconomic status: poor, middle class, rich

A

Ordinal

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8
Q
  • has values of equal intervals that mean something. For example, a thermometer might have intervals of
    ten degrees.
A

Interval

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9
Q
  • exactly the same as the interval scale except that the zero on the scale means: does not exist.
A

Ratio

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10
Q

Examples:
Age
Weight
Height

A

Ratio

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11
Q

the study of a population in its static
and dynamic aspects. Static aspects include characteristics such as age, gender and race while dynamic aspect involve fertility and mortality.

A

Demography

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12
Q
  • The study of components of variation and change in demographic variables and the relationships between them.
A

Demographic Analysis

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13
Q

The study of the relationships between demographic variables and other variables such as social and economic variables.

A

Population Study

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14
Q

It is a structure based on gender, race or other factors that can be inserted to

A

Population Composition

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15
Q

Count, ratio, rate, proportion, constant, cohort measure, and period measure.

A

tools of demography

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16
Q

The absolute number of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area in a specified time period.

A

count

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17
Q

The relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup; that is, one subgroup divided by another.

A

Ratio

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18
Q

The frequency of demographic events in population during a specified time period divided by the population “at risk” of the event occurring during
that time period

A

rate

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19
Q

The relation of a population subgroup to the entire population; that is, a population subgroup divided by the entire population.

A

Proportions

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20
Q

An unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these measures in a more understandable fashion.

A

constant

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21
Q

A statistic that measures events
occurring to a COHORT who are observed through time.

A

Cohort measure

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22
Q

A statistic that measures events occurring to all or part of a population during one period of time.

A

Period measure

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23
Q

Formula: # of cases / # of cases
Answer is expressed as “is to 1”

A

Ratio

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24
Q

= (# of cases / # of total cases) x 100
Answer is expressed in percentage (unless needed to be expressed per person)

A

Rate

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25
Q

(# of cases / # of total cases) x 100
Expressed in percentage

A

Proportion

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26
Q
  1. Census
  2. Sample registration survey
  3. Registration of live events
  4. Institutional records
A

Sources of Population Data

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27
Q

defined as branch of biometry which deals with data and the law of human mortality, morbidity and demography. These are collected, compiled and then analyse.

A

Vital statistics

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28
Q

total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited territory. It has ten years interval

A

Census

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29
Q

3 types of cencus

A
  • De facto census
  • De jure census
  • Modern cencus
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30
Q

(in fact, whether by right or not) - the method is to list all persons present in the household or other living quarters at midnight of the census day or all who passed the night there.

A

De facto census

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31
Q

(by right) - all persons who usually live in the household are listed on the form whether they are present or not. Visitors who have a usual residence elsewhere are excluded from the listing but are counted at their usual residence.

A

De jure census

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32
Q

each individual is enumerated separately and characteristics of each person are recorded separately. The census covers a precisely defined territory and includes every person present orresiding within its scope. defined reference period. The census is taken at regular intervals

A

Modern census

33
Q

These are used when these changes cannot be measured directly, as for example health or nutritional status. If measured sequentially over time they can indicate direction and speed of change and serves to compare different areas and groups of people at the same moment in time

A

Health Indicators

34
Q

They should actually measure what they are supposed to measure

A

Valid

35
Q

The answers should be the same if measured by different people in similar circumstances.

A

Reliable

36
Q

They should be sensitive in the situation concerned

A

Sensitive

37
Q

They should reflect changes only in the situation concerned

A

Specific

38
Q

They should have the ability to obtain data needed

A

Feasible

39
Q

They should contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon

A

Relevant

40
Q
  • Can be used for perinatal, neonatal, child, materna and other more specific variables.
  • Crude death rate, cause-specific death rate, proportionate mortality, death-to-case ratio, neonatal mortality rate, post-neonatal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate
A

Mortality Indicators

41
Q

e = (# of deaths / Total population) x 100
*Only multiply it by 100 if it is to be expressed in percentage

A

Mortality Rate

42
Q

Incidence proportion/attack rate/ risk, secondary attack rate, incidence rate/person time rate, point prevalence, and period prevalence.

A

Morbidity Indicators

43
Q

Event type indicator and Person Type Indicator

A

Disability Rates

44
Q

No of days of restricted activity, bed disability rate, work/days lost within a specific period

A

Event Type Indicators

45
Q
  • Limitation of mobility
  • Limitation of activity
A

Person Type Indicator

46
Q

Low birth weight, under weight (weight for age), stunting (height for age), total goiter age, iodized salt
coverage, vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency anemia (pregnant women), iron deficiency anemia (pre-school children)

A

Nutritional Status Indicators

47
Q
  • Healthcare workers per 10,000 patients
  • Physicians, nurses, midwives, dentists, pharmacists (and of course medical technologists/clinical laboratory scientists)
A

Healthcare Delivery Indicators

48
Q

Actual coverage expressed as the proportion of people in need of a service who actually receive it in a given period, usually a year. Utilization rates give some indication of the care needed by a population, and therefore the health status of the population

A

Utilization Rates

49
Q

A relationship exists between utilization of health care services and health needs and status.

A

Utilization Rates

50
Q
  • Fatigue, sleep impairment, GHQ score.
  • General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) consists of 12 items, each assessing the severity of a mental problem over the past few weeks using a 4-point scale (from 0 to 3)
A

Social and Mental Health Indicators

51
Q

These Indicators reflect the quality of physical and biological environment in which diseases occur and in which people live.

A

Environmental Indicators

52
Q
  • These indicators do not directly measure health. These are of importance in interpretation of indicators of health care.
  • Urban population (%), % living in formal dwelling, serious crime rate per 100,000, contribution to GDP
    (%), unemployment rate (%), gini index (for income inequality)
A

Socioeconomic Indicators

53
Q

Policy on: physical environment and ecology; socioeconomic environment; lifestyle, behavior and risk factors; genetic endowment; and health system

A

Health Policy Indicators

54
Q

Income and job, housing conditions, health, education, environmental quality, personal security, civic engagement, work-life balance, infrastructure and services, mobility, and culture and leisure.

A

Quality of Life Indicators

55
Q

Ratio of the number of cases to the total time the population at risk of the disease; Number of NEW cases in a population per unit time; NEW cases only; Acute conditions; the relevant
information is the Midyear population at risk

A

Incidence rate

56
Q

used to measure the frequency or prevalence of a specific health-related or condition within a population during a defined period.

A

Attack rate/ Incidence Proportion/ Risk

57
Q

TOTAL number of cases in a population at a given time: ALL cases (OLD + NEW) ; Chronic conditions: the relevant information is the NUMBER of cases at a given time

A

Prevalence rate

58
Q

The proportion of persons with a particular conditions who die from that condition (Killing power of the disease)

A

Case-fatality rate

59
Q

Total number of deaths during a given time interval

A

Crude death rate

60
Q

helps identify the leading cause of death in a population

A

Cause-specific death rate

61
Q

Number of deaths from a particular cause/population group in a year, Denominator is Total deaths in a year.

A

Proportionate mortality rate

62
Q

it MEASURES the KILLING power of the disease, High CFR means a more fatal disease; A higher CFR is expected from a hospital statistics that that from a community – MUST KNOW

A

Death-to-case ratio AKA Case fatality rate

63
Q

Number of deaths among those under 28 days of age in a calendar year, Denominator is Number of live births in the same year multiplied by 1000; Important: Causes of death are mainly due to pre-natal or genetic factors (MUST KNOW)

A

Neonatal mortality rate

64
Q

Number of deaths among those 28 days to less than 1 year of age in a calendar year, Denominator is
Number of live births in the same year multiplied by 1000; Influenced mainly by environmental or genetic and nutritional factors as well as infections

A

Post-neonatal mortality rate

65
Q

Number of deaths assigned to pregnancy-related causes during a given time interval: denominator is the estimated midpoint population: Affected by maternal health practices, diagnostic ascertainment, completeness of registrations of births.

A

Maternal mortality rate

66
Q
  • The MOST Sensitive index of assessing health status in the community: High IMR means low of health standards which maybe secondary to poor maternal and child health care, malnutrition, poor environmental sanitation, or deficient health care services.
    – Reflects level of health standards related to maternal and child health care, malnutrition, environmental sanitation, health care service
A

Infant mortality rate

67
Q

= Deaths under 1 year of age in a calendar year divided by Number of live births in the same year multiplied by 1000

A

Infant mortality rate

68
Q

Proportion of an initially disease-free population that develops disease, becomes injured, or dies during a specified period of time, Denominator is number of population at the start of period; Incidence proportion is a measure of risk.

A

Incidence proportion aka Attack rate aka Risk aka Cumulative incidence aka Probability of getting disease .

69
Q

it specifically quantifies the the risk of individuals who have been exposed to an index case (the initial infected person) contracting the disease as a result of that exposure; Numerator is the Number of secondary cases (individuals who contracted the disease due to exposure to the index case). Denominator is the Number of individuals exposed to the index case (those at risk of contracting the disease in the same setting)

A

Secondary attack rate

70
Q

is calculated by dividing the number of secondary cases by the number of individuals exposed to the index case and then multiplying by 100 to express the result as a percentage. This calculation helps assess the risk of disease transmission within a specific group or setting

A

secondary attack rate

71
Q

is often used as a measure of contagiousness.

A

secondary attack rate

72
Q

is a measure of incidence that incorporated time directly into the denominator. It describes how quickly a disease occurs in a population; Incidence rates reflect the occurrence of new disease in a population.

A

Incidence rate aka Person-time rate

73
Q

Refers to prevalence measured at a particular point in time. It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute on a particular date

A

Point prevalence

74
Q

refers to prevalence measured over an interval of time. It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute at ANY TIME during the interval.

A

Period prevalence

75
Q

refers to the proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular period of time; Numerator of prevalence: all cases PRESENT during a given time period; It reflects the presence of a disease in a population.

A

Prevalence

76
Q

refers to the proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period; Numerator of incidence: new cases that occurred DURING a given time period; It reflects the occurrence of new disease in a population

A

Incidence

77
Q

Factors that INCREASE Prevalence rate

A

longer disease duration, prolongation of life without cure, increase in incidence, in-migration of cases and susceptible people, out-migration of healthy people, and improved diagnostic facilities.

78
Q

Factors that DECREASE Prevalence rate

A

shorter duration of disease, high case of fatality, decrease in incidence, out migration of cases, in-migration of healthy people and improved cure rates.

Biostat Lec (6 decks)

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