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AUBF > M4: U1 Microscopic Examination of Urine > Flashcards

M4: U1 Microscopic Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

specialized centrifuge procedure that produces monolayer of cellular constituents

A

cytocentrifugation

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2
Q

chemical reaction used to identify presence of iron in body fluids

A

Rous/ Prussian Blue

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3
Q

glycoprotein produced in the renal tubular cell of the thick ascending loop of henle and DCT

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein or uromodulin

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4
Q

cellular pellet after urine centrifugation, normally free of crystals, contain less cells and low protein concentration

A

urinary sediment

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5
Q

ability of a substance to refract light in 2 directions

A

birefringence/double refractile

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6
Q

ability to remain in focus when switching to a different objective

A

parfocal

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7
Q

standardized quantitation of formed elements using hemocytometer

A

addis count

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8
Q

ideal specimen for sediment preparation

A

first morning urine, midstream clean catch

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9
Q

elements that disintegrate in alkaline urine

A

WBC
RBC
hyaline casts

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10
Q

Specimen volume for routine urinalysis

A

30 - 50 mL

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11
Q

specimen volume for sediment preparation

A

10 to 15 mL or 12 mL

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12
Q

minimum specimen volume accepeted for pediatric

A

6 mL

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13
Q

volume when sediment preparation is counterindicated

A

3 ml

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14
Q

centrifugation conditions for sediment preparation

A

400-450 x g for 5 mins

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15
Q

formula of concentration factor

A

urine volume / sediment volume

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16
Q

acceptable routine concentration factor

A

20-30

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17
Q

probability of detecting elements present in low quantities

A

concentration factor

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18
Q

routine volume of sediment examined

A

20 uL in 22x22 coverslip

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19
Q

RBC appearance in hypertonic urine

A

crenated (with spicules)

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20
Q

hypotonic or alkaline urine

A

swell, ghost cells (released hemoglobin)

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21
Q

dysmorphic cells indicate

A

glomerular origin

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22
Q

RBC with casts and protein indicate

A

glomerular or tubular bleeding

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23
Q

RBC without casts or proteins

A

below kidney contamination, menstruation/hemorrhoids/drugs

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24
Q

positive RBC in chemical tests but not microscopic indicate

A

hypotonic/alkaline
myoglobin/oxidizing agents
lysis w/in urinary tract

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25
Q

positive RBC in microscopic but negative in chemical tests

A

lookalike or false negative due to ascorbic acid

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26
Q

stains RBC but not yeast and calcium oxalate

A

Sternheimer Malbin stain

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27
Q

negative in RBC but positive in calcium oxalate

A

light polarization

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28
Q

lyses RBC but not calcium oxalate and yeast

A

2% acetic acid

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29
Q

differentiates RBC from WBC through crenation

A

2% acetic acid and toluidine blue

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30
Q

lyse rapidly and leaves 50% within 2-3 hrs in dilute, hypotonic, alkaline urine

A

neutrophils

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31
Q

neutrophils with brownian movement of refractile cytoplasmic granules

A

glitter cells

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32
Q

indicates disintegration of neutrophils

A

fusion of nuclei and bleb formation (vacuoles in cell preiphery)

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33
Q

indicates degeneration of neutrophils in stained preparation

A

psudopod formation forming myelin forms

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34
Q

primary stain for eosinophils

A

HANSEL

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35
Q

high lymphocyte count indicates

A

renal transplant rejection

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36
Q

high eosinoohil count indicates

A

drug induced interstitial nephritis

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37
Q

leukocyte esterase and nitrite positive indicates

A

bacteuria

38
Q

LE positive but microscopic WBC negative

A

WBC lysis/disintegration

39
Q

microspic WBC positive but LE negative

A

look alike elements (RTE)
below <10-25 WBC/uL
diluted urine

40
Q

differentiation of WBC vs RTE

A

supravital stains
Wright/Pap stains
acetic acid

41
Q

largest epithelial cell found in urine

A

squamous epithelial cell

42
Q

distinct characteristics of squamous epithelial cell

A

central nucleus (size of RBC) but can be anucleated or multinucleated
thin, flagstone shaped
can be folded or curled over

43
Q

indication of degeneration of squamous epithelial cell

A

keratohyaline granules

44
Q

squamous epithelial cell is normally high in:

A

women and uncircumcised men

45
Q

origin of squamous epithelial cell

A

entire urethra of women
distal portion of male urethra

46
Q

this is a squamous epithelial cell covered with bacteria

A

clue cell

47
Q

clue cells are covered with what specific type of bacteria

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

48
Q

T/F : clue cells are reported in routine urinalysis

A

False, physician must request vaginal secretion analysis

49
Q

what distinguishes transitional epithelial cell/ urothelial cells from other epithlial cells

A

centrally located nuclei
appears in spherical, polyhedral or caudate form due to ability to absorb large amounts of water
finely granular (as opposed to RTEC)

50
Q

3 layers of transitional epithelium

A

superficial
intermediate
basal

51
Q

most prevalent TEC, round or pear shaped

A

superficial

52
Q

smaller TEC, round form

A

intermediate

53
Q

columnar form of TEC

A

basal

54
Q

TECs which may indiacte UTI and invasive urologic procedures

A

syncytia

55
Q

most clinically signifcant epithelial cell

A

renal tubular epithelial cell

56
Q

two origins of renal tubular epithelial cell

A

convoluted tubular cells
collecting duct cells

57
Q

two types of convoluted tubular cells

A

proximal
distal

58
Q

cigar shaped with granular cytoplasm and eccentric concoluted tubular cell

A

proximal convoluted tubule

59
Q

has fat globules

A

proximal CT

60
Q

smaller round convoluted tubule with eccentric nucleus

A

distal CT

61
Q

2 types of collecting duct cells

A

small duct cells
large duct cells

62
Q

polyhedral/ cuboidal with single/large nuclei that occupies 60 to 70% of the cell

A

small duct cell

63
Q

small duct cell

A

polyhedral/ cuboidal with single/large nuclei that occupies 60 to 70% of the cell

64
Q

small columnar duct cell with eccentric nucleus

A

large duct cell

65
Q

largest RTEC

A

proximal CT

66
Q

smallest RTEC

A

large duct cells

67
Q

deep yellow RTEC indicates absorption of

A

bilirubin

68
Q

RTEC that absorbs hemoglobin

A

hemosiderin

69
Q

yellow brown hemosiderin granukes is indicative of

A

PNH
transfusion reactions

70
Q

RTE cells/monocytes/ macrophages that absorbed lipids/fats in the glomerular filtrate

A

oval fat bodies

71
Q

non lipod filled vacuoles

A

bubble cells

72
Q

lipiduria is indiicative of

A

nephrotic syndrome
acute tubular necrosis
DM
trauma

73
Q

stains triglycerides nd neutral fats orange red

A

oil red O
Sudan III

74
Q

maltese cross in polarized microscopy

A

cholesterol

75
Q

used to identify birefringent substances

A

polarized microscopy

76
Q

used to visualize variations in refractive index for low refractile elements

A

phase contrast microscopy

77
Q

light polarization:
RBC

A

NO

78
Q

light polarization:
uric acid crystals

A

Yes

79
Q

light polarization:
CASTS

A

NO

80
Q

light polarization:
monohydrate calcium oxalate

A

YES

81
Q

light polarization:
MUCUS

A

NO

82
Q

light polarization:
FIBER

A

YES

83
Q

light polarization:
BACTERIA

A

NO

84
Q

light polarization:
PLASTIC FRAGMENTS

A

YES

85
Q

light polarization:
CELULAR DEBRIS

A

NO

86
Q

light polarization:
AMOORPHOUS URATE

A

strong

87
Q

light polarization:
AMORPHOUS PHOSPHATE

A

WEAK

88
Q

light polarization:
MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

NO

89
Q

light polarization:
FATTY CASTS

A

YES

90
Q

light polarization:
CHOLESTEROL GLOBULES

A

YES

91
Q

light polarization:
STARCH GRANULES

A

YES

92
Q

used for Spirochetes Treponema pallidum

A

darkfield microscopy

AUBF (12 decks)

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