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AUBF > M3: U1 and 2 Urine pH and Protein and Sugars > Flashcards

M3: U1 and 2 Urine pH and Protein and Sugars Flashcards

1
Q

physiologically possible pH of urine

A

ph 4.5 to 8.0

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2
Q

first morning urine average pH

A

pH 5 to 6

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3
Q

urine pH increase during ir after a meal due to bicarbonate released by parietal cell

A

alkaline tide

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4
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
cranberry juice

A

acidic

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5
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
dehydration

A

acidic

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6
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Diabetes mellitus

A

acidic

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7
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
diarrhea

A

acidic

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8
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
emphysema

A

acidic

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9
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
high protein diet

A

acidic

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10
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ammonium chloride medication

A

acidic

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11
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ascorbic acid medication

A

acidic

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12
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
methionine medication

A

acidic

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13
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ketoacidosis, starvation, severe diarrhea

A

acidic

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14
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
uremia

A

acidic

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15
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
chronic lung disease

A

acidic

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16
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
E. coli UTI

A

acidic

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17
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
vegetarian diet and citrus

A

alkaline

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18
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
low carbohydrate diet

A

alkaline

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19
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
excessive vomiting and recent gastric lavage

A

alkaline

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20
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
hyperventilation

A

alakaline

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21
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
renal tubular acidosis

A

alkaline

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22
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Proteus UTI

A

alkaline

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23
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Pseudomonas UTI

A

alkaline

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24
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
old specimens

A

alkaline

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25
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
potassium citrate medication

A

alkaline

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26
Q

acidic urine prevengs stone formation of:

A

calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

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27
Q

alkaline urine prevents stone formation of

A

calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine crystals

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28
Q

clinical significance of pH determination

A
  1. acid base disorders (RTA)
  2. urease producing UTI
  3. crystal identification
  4. specimen suitability
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29
Q

double indicator system of pH reagent strip

A

methyl red - acidic urine
bromthymol blue - alkaline urine

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30
Q

color change of pH reagent srip

A

5.0 orange
7.0 green
9.0 blue

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31
Q

pH reagent strip interference:
improper storage

A

false increase

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32
Q

pH reagent strip interference:
urine runover from protein test

A

false decrease

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33
Q

analyte most indicative of renal diseass

A

protein

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34
Q

normal protein urine excretion

A

150 mg/day or 1-14 mg/dL

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35
Q

3 proteins from the urinary tract itself

A

tamm-horsfall protein / uromodulin
urokinase
IgA

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36
Q

protein level considered clinical proteinuria

A

> 30 mg/dL

37
Q

clinical proteinuria that is caused by increased protein in the blood

A

prerebal or overflow proteinuria

38
Q

3 causes of overflow proteinuria

A

hemoglobinuria (hemolytic dx)
myoglobinuria (muscle injury)
infection and inflammation (acute phase reactants, immunoglobulin light chains)

39
Q

protein increased during multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones Proteins

40
Q

unique solubility characteristics of Bence Jones protein vs other proteins

A

coagulates at 40 to 60 degrees celsius, clears at 100 degrees celsius

41
Q

most common and clinically serious proteinuria

A

glomerular proteinuria

42
Q

causes excretion of almost all proteins

A

glomerular proteinuria

43
Q

proteinuria level of glomerular proteinuria

A

2.5 to 20 g/ day

44
Q

primary protein excreted during glomerular proteinuria

A

albumin
alpha antitrypsin
alpha acid glycoprotein
transferrin

45
Q

associated with hypoalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia, edema

A

nephrotic syndrome

46
Q

protein excreted during nephrotic syndrome

A

> 3.5 g/day

47
Q

glomerular proteinuria due to altered negativity of glomerular filtration barrier

A

primary glomerular diseases
glomerulonephritis/sclerosis, minimal change disease, post streptococcal GN, DM, SLE, amyloidosis, Kidney transplant rejection, Sickle cell, Infectious disease, preeclampsia

48
Q

amount of protein excreted during functional proteinuria

A

<1 g/day

49
Q

causes of functional proteinuria

A

renal vasoconstriction and increased GFB permeability
fever
extreme cold
emotional distress
dehydration
strenous exercise

50
Q

amount of protein in orthostatic or postural proteinuria

A

< 1.5 g/day

51
Q

how to differentiate postural from clinical proteinuria

A

negative protein in first morning urine

52
Q

proteinuria caused by defect in tubular reabsorptive function

A

tubular proteinuria

53
Q

primary proteins in tubular proteinuria

A

B2 microgl9bul8n
retinol binding protein
A2 microglobulin
lysozyme

54
Q

amount of protein in microalbuminuria

A

30- 300 mg/dL

55
Q

proteinuria caused by inflammatory process anywhere in the urinary tract

A

post renal proteinuria

56
Q

principle of protein reagent strip

A

protein error of indicator

57
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
extremely alkaline

A

false positive

58
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
highly buffered urine

A

false positive

59
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
(highly colored compounds)
phenazopyridine
beets
detergent

A

false positive

60
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
antiseptics like chlorhexidine

A

false positive

61
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
prolonged exposure to strip

A

false positive

62
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
microalbuminuria

A

false negative

63
Q

interference to protein rgt strip:
proteins other than albumin

A

false negative

64
Q

albumin creatinine ratio

A

urine albumin x 1000 / urine creatinine

65
Q

detects proteins other than albumin

A

heat and acetic acidtest

66
Q

heat and acetic acid test for protein determination

A

boil for 30 seconds, cloudiness does not disappear after 3-5 drops of 5-10% acetic acid

67
Q

analyte that freely passes through GFB but completely reabsorbed

A

glucose

68
Q

renal threshold of glucose

A

160 to 180 mg/dL

69
Q

maximum reabsorptive capacity of glucose

A

350 mg/min

70
Q

amount of glucose in glycosuria

A

> 20 mg/dL

71
Q

Causes of prerenal glycosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus
GDM
recent glucose load
hormonal disorders
liver disease
stress and anxiety

72
Q

renal arteriosclerosis
low cardiac output

A

Hyperglycemia without glycosuria

73
Q

End-stage renal disease
cystinosis
fanconi syndrome
heavy metal poisoning

A

Glycosuria without hyperglycemia

74
Q

Accumulation leads to vomiting diarrhea hepatomegaly and jaundice

A

Galactonate

75
Q

Accumulation leads to cataract formation

A

Galactitol

76
Q

Sugar that is present in the urine of pregnant woman and premature infants

A

Lactose

77
Q

Caused by excessive fruit or honey ingestion

A

Fructosuria

78
Q

Caused by excessive ingestion of plums and cherries

A

Pentose

79
Q

Form during catabolism of fatty acids when carbohydrate is not available

A

Ketones

80
Q

Major ketone that is not tested by reagent strip

A

Hydroxy butyric acid

81
Q

Origin of the ketones

A

Acetoacetic acid

82
Q

Renal threshold of ketones

A

70 mg/ dL

83
Q

Ketonuria

A

20 mg per day

84
Q

Specimens for glucose screening test

A

Second specimen of the morning

85
Q

Interference in glucose reagent strip strong oxidizers

A

False-positive

86
Q

Interference in glucose reagent strip ascorbic acid

A

False negative

87
Q

Also called copper reduction test

A

Benedict’s test

88
Q

Composition of benedict’s reagent

A

Copper sulfate
Calcium carbonate
Sodium citrate buffer

89
Q

Tablet version of benedict’s test

A

Clinitest reagent tablet

AUBF (12 decks)

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