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AUBF > M3: U1 and 2 Urine pH and Protein and Sugars > Flashcards

M3: U1 and 2 Urine pH and Protein and Sugars Flashcards

1
Q

physiologically possible pH of urine

A

ph 4.5 to 8.0

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2
Q

first morning urine average pH

A

pH 5 to 6

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3
Q

urine pH increase during ir after a meal due to bicarbonate released by parietal cell

A

alkaline tide

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4
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
cranberry juice

A

acidic

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5
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
dehydration

A

acidic

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6
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Diabetes mellitus

A

acidic

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7
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
diarrhea

A

acidic

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8
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
emphysema

A

acidic

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9
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
high protein diet

A

acidic

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10
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ammonium chloride medication

A

acidic

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11
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ascorbic acid medication

A

acidic

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12
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
methionine medication

A

acidic

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13
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
ketoacidosis, starvation, severe diarrhea

A

acidic

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14
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
uremia

A

acidic

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15
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
chronic lung disease

A

acidic

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16
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
E. coli UTI

A

acidic

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17
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
vegetarian diet and citrus

A

alkaline

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18
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
low carbohydrate diet

A

alkaline

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19
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
excessive vomiting and recent gastric lavage

A

alkaline

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20
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
hyperventilation

A

alakaline

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21
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
renal tubular acidosis

A

alkaline

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22
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Proteus UTI

A

alkaline

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23
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
Pseudomonas UTI

A

alkaline

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24
Q

Causes of acidic or alkaline urine:
old specimens

A

alkaline

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25
Causes of acidic or alkaline urine: potassium citrate medication
alkaline
26
acidic urine prevengs stone formation of:
calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
27
alkaline urine prevents stone formation of
calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine crystals
28
clinical significance of pH determination
1. acid base disorders (RTA) 2. urease producing UTI 3. crystal identification 4. specimen suitability
29
double indicator system of pH reagent strip
methyl red - acidic urine bromthymol blue - alkaline urine
30
color change of pH reagent srip
5.0 orange 7.0 green 9.0 blue
31
pH reagent strip interference: improper storage
false increase
32
pH reagent strip interference: urine runover from protein test
false decrease
33
analyte most indicative of renal diseass
protein
34
normal protein urine excretion
150 mg/day or 1-14 mg/dL
35
3 proteins from the urinary tract itself
tamm-horsfall protein / uromodulin urokinase IgA
36
protein level considered clinical proteinuria
> 30 mg/dL
37
clinical proteinuria that is caused by increased protein in the blood
prerebal or overflow proteinuria
38
3 causes of overflow proteinuria
hemoglobinuria (hemolytic dx) myoglobinuria (muscle injury) infection and inflammation (acute phase reactants, immunoglobulin light chains)
39
protein increased during multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Proteins
40
unique solubility characteristics of Bence Jones protein vs other proteins
coagulates at 40 to 60 degrees celsius, clears at 100 degrees celsius
41
most common and clinically serious proteinuria
glomerular proteinuria
42
causes excretion of almost all proteins
glomerular proteinuria
43
proteinuria level of glomerular proteinuria
2.5 to 20 g/ day
44
primary protein excreted during glomerular proteinuria
albumin alpha antitrypsin alpha acid glycoprotein transferrin
45
associated with hypoalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia, edema
nephrotic syndrome
46
protein excreted during nephrotic syndrome
>3.5 g/day
47
glomerular proteinuria due to altered negativity of glomerular filtration barrier
primary glomerular diseases glomerulonephritis/sclerosis, minimal change disease, post streptococcal GN, DM, SLE, amyloidosis, Kidney transplant rejection, Sickle cell, Infectious disease, preeclampsia
48
amount of protein excreted during functional proteinuria
<1 g/day
49
causes of functional proteinuria
renal vasoconstriction and increased GFB permeability fever extreme cold emotional distress dehydration strenous exercise
50
amount of protein in orthostatic or postural proteinuria
< 1.5 g/day
51
how to differentiate postural from clinical proteinuria
negative protein in first morning urine
52
proteinuria caused by defect in tubular reabsorptive function
tubular proteinuria
53
primary proteins in tubular proteinuria
B2 microgl9bul8n retinol binding protein A2 microglobulin lysozyme
54
amount of protein in microalbuminuria
30- 300 mg/dL
55
proteinuria caused by inflammatory process anywhere in the urinary tract
post renal proteinuria
56
principle of protein reagent strip
protein error of indicator
57
interference to protein rgt strip: extremely alkaline
false positive
58
interference to protein rgt strip: highly buffered urine
false positive
59
interference to protein rgt strip: (highly colored compounds) phenazopyridine beets detergent
false positive
60
interference to protein rgt strip: antiseptics like chlorhexidine
false positive
61
interference to protein rgt strip: prolonged exposure to strip
false positive
62
interference to protein rgt strip: microalbuminuria
false negative
63
interference to protein rgt strip: proteins other than albumin
false negative
64
albumin creatinine ratio
urine albumin x 1000 / urine creatinine
65
detects proteins other than albumin
heat and acetic acidtest
66
heat and acetic acid test for protein determination
boil for 30 seconds, cloudiness does not disappear after 3-5 drops of 5-10% acetic acid
67
analyte that freely passes through GFB but completely reabsorbed
glucose
68
renal threshold of glucose
160 to 180 mg/dL
69
maximum reabsorptive capacity of glucose
350 mg/min
70
amount of glucose in glycosuria
>20 mg/dL
71
Causes of prerenal glycosuria
Diabetes mellitus GDM recent glucose load hormonal disorders liver disease stress and anxiety
72
renal arteriosclerosis low cardiac output
Hyperglycemia without glycosuria
73
End-stage renal disease cystinosis fanconi syndrome heavy metal poisoning
Glycosuria without hyperglycemia
74
Accumulation leads to vomiting diarrhea hepatomegaly and jaundice
Galactonate
75
Accumulation leads to cataract formation
Galactitol
76
Sugar that is present in the urine of pregnant woman and premature infants
Lactose
77
Caused by excessive fruit or honey ingestion
Fructosuria
78
Caused by excessive ingestion of plums and cherries
Pentose
79
Form during catabolism of fatty acids when carbohydrate is not available
Ketones
80
Major ketone that is not tested by reagent strip
Hydroxy butyric acid
81
Origin of the ketones
Acetoacetic acid
82
Renal threshold of ketones
70 mg/ dL
83
Ketonuria
20 mg per day
84
Specimens for glucose screening test
Second specimen of the morning
85
Interference in glucose reagent strip strong oxidizers
False-positive
86
Interference in glucose reagent strip ascorbic acid
False negative
87
Also called copper reduction test
Benedict's test
88
Composition of benedict's reagent
Copper sulfate Calcium carbonate Sodium citrate buffer
89
Tablet version of benedict's test
Clinitest reagent tablet

AUBF (12 decks)

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